Physical principles of ultrasound. Perioperative transoesophageal echocardiography. Global left ventricular systolic function. Left ventricular diastolic function. Mitral valve disease. Aortic valve. Prosthetic valves. Right ventricle. Thoracic aorta. Haemodynamics. Myocardial ischaemia. Congenital heart disease. Cardiac masses, air, and foreign bodies. Minimally invasive and minimal access cardiac surgery. Circulatory assist devices, artificial heart, and heart and lung transplantation. Artifacts and pitfalls. Training and certification in the United States. Training and certification in Europe. TOE and assist devices, artificial heart and heart transplantatiaon
