Handbook of vitamin D in human health

Name: Handbook of vitamin D in human health | Prevention, treatment and toxicity
Brand: Brill Wageningen Academic
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Prevention, treatment and toxicity

Ronald Ross Watson(Herausgeber*in)

Brill Wageningen Academic (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 4. September 2023

730 Seiten

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978-90-8686-765-3 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
Table of contents
Overview of key vitamin D modified conditions
1. Vitamin D deficiency in the 21st century: an overview
Abstract
Abbreviations
1.1 Vitamin D: yesterday
1.2 Vitamin D: today
1.2.1 Modern understanding of vitamin D metabolism
1.2.2 Defining vitamin D deficiency. not as easy as it sounds
1.2.3 Return of rickets to a modern society
1.2.4 Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D
1.2.5 Why has this become a problem again?
1.2.6 Supplementation regimens
1.2.7 Serum 25(OH)D measurement
1.3 Vitamin D: tomorrow
1.3.1 Beyond bone health
1.3.2 Personalized medicine
1.3.3 So much more to learn!
References
2. Vitamin D in health of seniors
Abstract
Abbreviations
2.1 Epidemiology of the vitamin-D deficiency
2.2 Vitamin D and mortality in older persons
2.3 Vitamin D and falls in older persons
2.3.1 Examining effects of vitamin D on bone
2.3.2 Examining effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle
2.4 Options for vitamin D therapy in older persons
References
3. Vitamin D supplementation and public health policy
Abstract
Abbreviations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Epidemiology
3.3 Sources of vitamin D
3.4 Public health strategies to maintain an adequate vitamin D status
3.4.1 Natural food sources
3.4.2 Fortification
3.4.3 Supplementation
3.5 Recommended supplementation
3.6 Supplemental toxicity
3.7 Global supplementation studies
3.7.1 North America
3.7.2 Europe
3.7.3 Asia
3.8 Barriers to supplementation
3.9 Conclusion
References
Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health
4. Vitamin D and fall risk
Abstract
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Vitamin D and falls
4.3 Potential mechanisms
4.4 Extent of fall risk reduction with vitamin D
4.5 Type, dose and toxicity of vitamin D
4.6 Conclusions
References
5. The beneficial effects of higher (adequate) vitamin D status on bone growth and muscle strength in children and adolescents
Abstract
Abbreviations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Effects of vitamin D status on bone growth in children and adolescents
5.3 Effects of adequate vitamin D levels on muscular strength in children and adolescents
5.4 Recommended daily intake of vitamin D for children and adolescents
5.5 Dietary sources of vitamin D
5.6 Conclusions
References
6. Hypovitaminosis D and muscle strength
Abstract
Abbreviations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The vitamin D endocrine system
6.3 The vitamin D receptor
6.4 Vitamin D deficiency and hypovitaminosis D
6.5 Osteomalacic myopathy and hypovitaminosis D myopathy
6.6 Genomic and non-genomic effects of vitamin D on muscle
6.7 Vitamin D and falls
6.8 Therapeutic implications
Reference
7. Vitamin D and growth
Abstract
Abbreviations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 General about growth and bone mass accrual
7.3 Rickets and growth
7.4 Maternal vitamin D status, fetal bone mineralization and growth
7.5 Maternal vitamin D status, bone density and growth in childhood
7.6 Infant vitamin D supplementation, bone density and growth in childhood
7.7 Vitamin D supplementation and childhood growth: intervention studies
7.8 Vitamin D and growth: animal models
7.9 Genetic studies in humans: association with growth and bone outcomes
7.10 Insights in to mechanisms of action
7.11 Summary
References
8. Vitamin D and arthritis
Abstract
Abbreviations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Vitamin D and rheumatoid arthritis
8.3 Vitamin D and osteoarthritis
8.4 Conclusion
References
9. High-dose vitamin D supplementation in the elderly
Abstract
Abbreviations
Unit conversions
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Pharmacodynamics of vitamin D
9.2.1 Clinical half-life of 25-hydroxyvitamin D
9.2.2 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to sustained doses
9.2.3 Determinants of 25-hydroxyvitamin D response
9.3 Efficacy of high-dose vitamin D in elderly
9.3.1 Musculoskeletal efficacy
9.3.2 Other effects
9.4 Safety of high-dose vitamin D in elderly
9.4.1 Vitamin D toxicity
9.4.2 Calcaemic effects of high vitamin D doses
9.4.3 Other risks for elderly people
9.5 Summary
References
Vitamin D and chronic disease
10. Vitamin D deficiency and premature death
Abstract
Abbreviation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Human vitamin D status
10.3 Vitamin D deficiency and all-cause mortality in the general population
10.3.1 Infants
10.3.2 General adult population
10.3.3 Critically ill patients
10.3.4 Possible preventive mechanisms
10.4 Vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular mortality
10.4.1 General adult population
10.4.2 Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular mortality
10.4.3 Possible preventive mechanisms of vitamin D against cardiovascular disease
10.5 Vitamin D deficiency and cancer mortality
10.5.1 Ecological studies
10.5.2 Prospective cohort studies
10.5.3 Randomized controlled trials
10.5.4 Possible anticancer actions of vitamin D
10.6 Conclusion
References
11. Vitamin D and hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease
Abstract
Abbreviations
11.1 Vitamin D in patients with chronic kidney disease
11.2 Secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease
11.3 Chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorder
11.4 Treatment of vitamin D deficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease
11.4.1 Alfacalcidol
11.4.2 Paricalcitol
11.4.3 Doxercalciferol
11.4.4 Maxacalcitol
11.4.5 Falecalcitriol
11.4.6 Mechanisms for vitamin D analog selectivity
11.4.7 Native vitamin D
11.5 Clinical outcomes and treatment with vitamin D in patients with chronic kidney disease
11.5.1 Renal function
11.5.2 Cardiovascular disease
References
12. Diseases affected by vitamin D: sun exposure
Abstract
Abbreviations
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Diseases
12.2.1 Cancer
12.2.2 Infectious diseases
12.2.3 Dental caries
12.2.4 Type A influenza and pneumonia
12.2.5 Multiple sclerosis
12.2.6 Inflammatory bowel disease
12.2.7 Type 1 diabetes mellitus
12.2.8 Rheumatoid arthritis
12.2.9 Cardiovascular disease
12.2.10 Anaphylaxis
12.3 Causality
12.4 Summary and conclusion
Disclosure
References
13. Immune modulation by UV: role of vitamin D
Abstract
Abbreviations
13.1 Evidence for ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression
13.2 Ultraviolet radiation photoreceptors in skin
13.2.1 7-dehydrocholesterol
13.2.2 DNA, urocanic acid and membrane phospholipids
13.2.3 Concluding statement
13.3 Ulraviolet-induced vitamin D as a major contributor
13.3.1 Vitamin D associations and increased immune disease
13.3.2 Use of mouse models of disease
13.3.3 Similar pathways of immunoregulation by UVR and vitamin D
13.3.4 Dendritic cells
13.3.5 Increased expression of the receptor activator of NFkB ligand
13.3.6 Induction and activation of T regulatory cells
13.3.7 Activation of mast cells
13.3.8 Local skin effects and responses to vaccine antigens
13.3.9 Summary
13.4 Ultraviolet-induced vitamin D as a minor contributor
13.4.1 Outcome of vitamin D supplemention
13.4.2 Further discordance between ultraviolet radiation and vitamin D
13.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
14. Vitamin D and periodontal disease
Abstract
Abbreviations
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Periodontal disease pathogenesis and the relationship with vitamin D
14.3 The effect of vitamin D on oral health
14.4 The potential benefit of vitamin D on periodontal disease
14.4.1 Effects of vitamin D supplementation on periodontal disease
14.4.2 Mechanisms to explain the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of periodontitis
14.5 The potential impact of vitamin D on periodontal disease treatment
14.6 Conclusions
References
15. Vitamin D and cystic fibrosis
Abstract
Abbreviations
15.1 Cystic fibrosis
15.2 Cystic fibrosis-related low bone mineral density and vitamin D
15.3 Vitamin D insufficiency in cystic fibrosis
15.4 Current vitamin D supplementation guidelines in cystic fibrosis and future challenges
15.5 Extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D in cystic fibrosis
15.6 Ongoing research
Acknowledgements
References
Vitamin D and infectious disease
16. Vitamin D and respiratory infections in infants and toddlers: a nutri-shine perspective
Abstract
Abbreviations
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Vitamin D status and dietary guidelines during pregnancy and early childhood
16.2.1 Maternal status of vitamin D levels
16.2.2 Vitamin D status in infants
16.2.3 Vitamin D status in toddlers
16.3 Fetal and postnatal outcomes associated with vitamin D status
16.3.1 Lung development
16.3.2 Vitamin D and innate immune protection
16.4 Evidence for vitamin D status and risk of respiratory infections & childhood wheezing
16.4.1 Observational prospective serum 25(OH)D birth cohort studies
16.4.2 Case-control studies
16.4.3 Interventional trials
16.5 Summary and conclusion
Disclaimer
References
17. Vitamin D in HIV/AIDS: a role?
Abstract
Abbreviations
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Vitamin D insufficiency in HIV-infected persons
17.3 Factors associated with vitamin D insufficiency in HIV-infected persons
17.4 Vitamin D and long-term non-AIDS defining complications and comorbidities
17.5 Vitamin D insufficiency and HIV disease clinical progression
17.6 Testable hypotheses towards establishing causal relationships
17.7 Vitamin D supplementation in HIV-infected persons
17.8 Conclusions
References
18. Vitamin D and tuberculosis
Abstract
Abbreviations
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Risk factors for the development of both vitamin D deficiency and tuberculosis
18.2.1 Environmental factors
18.2.2 Genetic factors
18.3 The role of vitamin D in tuberculosis
18.4 Conclusion
References
19. Vitamin D and dental health
Abstract
Abbreviations
19.1. Introduction
19.2 Vitamin D and gingivitis
19.2.1 Definition, nomenclature, and epidemiology
19.2.2 Biological mechanisms of action of vitamin D in gingival tissue
19.2.3 Review of studies correlating vitamin D and gingivitis
19.3 Vitamin D and periodontitis
19.3.1 Definition, nomenclature, and epidemiology
19.3.2 Review of studies correlating vitamin D and periodontitis
19.4 Vitamin D and dental caries
19.4.1 Definition, nomenclature, and epidemiology
19.4.2 Impact on vitamin D on teeth
19.4.3 Review of studies correlating vitamin D and caries
19.5 Vitamin D toxicity in the oral cavity
19.6 Summary and conclusions
References
20. Inflammation and vitamin D
Abstract
Abbreviations
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Immunomodulating effects of vitamin D
20.2.1 Enzyme metabolism
20.2.2 Role and expression of the vitamin D receptor
20.2.3 Effects on macrophages
20.2.4 Effects on myeloid dendritic cells
20.2.5 Effects on T cells
20.2.6 Effects on B cells
20.3 Vitamin D and inflammatory diseases
20.3.1 Rheumatoid arthritis
20.3.2 Inflammatory bowel disease
20.3.3 Systemic lupus erythematosus
20.3.4 Diabetes and multiple sclerosis
20.3.5 Transplantation, cardiovascular and infectious diseases
20.4 Therapeutic implications
20.5 Conclusion
References
Vitamin D and cancer
21. Vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancer
Abstract
Abbreviation
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Pancreatic cancer
21.2.1 Overview
21.2.2 The origin and progression of pancreatic adenocarcinoma
21.2.3 Therapies for pancreatic cancer
21.3 Roles of vitamin D in cancer
21.3.1 History of vitamin D
21.3.2 Sources and metabolism of vitamin D
21.3.3 Functions of vitamin D
21.3.4 The mechanisms of anti-cancer effects of vitamin D
21.4 Vitamin D and pancreatic cancer
21.4.1 Overview
21.4.2 Biochemical evidence
21.4.3 Ecological and epidemiological studies of vitamin D and pancreatic cancer
21.5 Conclusions
References
22. Vitamin D and melanoma
Abstract
Abbreviations
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Melanoma susceptibility genes
22.3 Sun exposure and risk
22.4 Vitamin D and the skin
22.5 Genetic data
22.6 Summary, vitamin D and melanoma risk
22.7 Advice to the general public on prevention of melanoma and vitamin D
22.8 Melanoma progression/prognosis and vitamin D
References
23. Vitamin D autocrine system and prostate cancer prevention and treatment
Abstract
Abbreviation
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Overview of human cytochrome P450 system
23.3 Vitamin D metabolism
23.4 Study of vitamin D-25-hydroxylases in prostate cells (CYP2R1)
23.5 Study of CYP27B1 in prostate cells
23.5.1 Differential expression of CYP27B1 activity in prostate cells
23.5.2 Regulation of prostate CYP27B1 activity
23.6 Study of 24-hydroxylation by CYP24A1 in prostate cells
23.6.1 Expression and the regulation of CYP24A1 in prostate cancer cells
23.6.2 CYP24A1-resistant vitamin D analogs
23.6.3 Inhibitors of CYP24A1
23.7 25(OH)D can be active without 1a-hydroxylation
23.8 Summary and conclusions
References
24. Vitamin D and esophageal cancer
Abstract
Abbreviations
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Epidemiology of esophageal cancer and vitamin D: generating hypotheses
24.3 Vitamin D intake and esophageal cancer
24.4 Vitamin D status and esophageal cancer
24.5 Vitamin D receptor, related genetic variants and esophageal cancer
24.6 Conclusions
References
25. Monitoring in vivo immune modulation by vitamin D in multiple sclerosis
Abstract
Abbreviations
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Multiple sclerosis
25.3 Multiple sclerosis and vitamin D
25.4 Vitamin D metabolism
25.5 Vitamin D as an immune modulator
25.6 Vitamin D status, vitamin D supplementation and the effect on immune regulation
25.6.1 Inflammatory markers in the circulation
25.6.2 Cytokines and chemokines in the circulation
25.6.3 Cytokine excretion by PBMC in supernatants
25.6.4 Proliferation of T cells
25.6.5 Phenotyping PBMC directly
25.7 Discussion and conclusion
References
Vitamin D in chronic diseases
26. Vitamin D and insulin sensitivity
Abstract
Abbreviations
26.1 Vitamin D metabolism
26.2 Insulin resistance
26.3 Epidemiological evidence for a role of vitamin D in insulin resistance
26.3.1 Glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity and 25(OH)D levels
26.3.2 Dairy intake and insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis
26.3.3 Relationship between vitamin D and insulin resistance in children
26.4 Results of clinical interventions
26.5 Association of vitamin D with muscle mass and function
26.6 Molecular mechanisms underlying vitamin D action on insulin sensitivity
26.6.1 Vitamin D increases protein expression of the insulin receptor
26.7 Additional regulators of insulin sensitivity
26.7.1 Parathyroid hormone
26.7.2 Adiponectin
26.7.3 AMP-activated protein kinase
26.7.4 Osteocalcin
26.8 Conclusion
References
27. Vitamin D and diabetes mellitus: where are we?
Abstract
Abbreviations
27.1 Introduction
27.1.1 Vitamin D
27.1.2 Diabetes mellitus
27.2 Vitamin D deficiency and diabetes mellitus
27.2.1 Vitamin D deficiency definition
27.2.2 Vitamin D deficiency and type 1 diabetes mellitus
27.2.3 Vitamin D deficiency and type 2 diabetes mellitus
27.2.4 Vitamin D deficiency and gestational diabetes mellitus
27.3 Vitamin D, bone size and diabetes mellitus
27.3.1 Bone size and diabetes mellitus
27.3.2 Serum 25(OH)D levels, femur bone size and type 2 diabetes mellitus
27.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
28. Vitamin D and cardiovascular risk: hype or new hope?
Abstract
Abbreviations
28.1 Vitamin D: a brief overview
28.2 Metabolic forms
28.3 Selected non-skeletal functions
28.4 Defining vitamin D deficiency
28.5 Vitamin D deficiency: an international epidemic?
28.6 Vitamin D and disease associations
28.7 Proposed mechanisms of cardiovascular risk
28.8 Reported associations between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular risk
28.9 Can vitamin D supplementation reduce cardiovascular risk?
28.10 Not all the evidence is positive
28.11 Pending prospective trials, empiric therapy or treat to target?
28.12 Testing for vitamin D, costs and coverage
28.13 Supplementing vitamin D
28.14 Can too much vitamin D be harmful?
28.15 Vitamin D and cardiovascular risk: conclusions
References
29. Vitamin D and transplantation
Abstract
Abbreviations
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Vitamin D insufficiency after transplantation
29.3 Vitamin D supplementation after transplantation
29.4 Vitamin D and bone loss after transplantation
29.5 Vitamin D and
type 2 diabetes mellitus after transplantation
29.6 Vitamin D and cardiovascular risk after transplantation
29.7 Vitamin D and cancer risk after transplantation
29.8 Vitamin D and infections after transplantation
29.9 Vitamin D and graft rejection
29.10 Renoprotective effects of vitamin D after transplantation
29.11 Vitamin D and mortality after transplantation
29.12 Conclusion and perspectives
References
30. Vitamin D and bone health among people with epilepsy
Abstract
Abbreviations
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Epilepsy terminology
30.3 Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency among people with epilepsy
30.4 Epilepsy and fracture risk
30.5 Risk factors for poor bone health among people with epilepsy
30.5.1 Nutritional status
30.5.2 Impaired mobility
30.5.3 Physical environment and light exposure
30.6 Epilepsy treatments
30.6.1 Phenytoin, primidone, and phenobarbital
30.6.2 Carbamazepine
30.6.3 Valproate
30.7 Newer antiseizure medications
30.7.1 Oxcarbazepine
30.7.2 Lamotrigine
30.7.3 Topiramate
30.7.4 Ketogenic diet
30.8 Suggested screening and treatment for insufficient vitamin D status among people with epilepsy
30.9 Conclusions
References
Women and children
31. Neonatal effects of enhanced vitamin D and vitamin D for premature infants
Abstract
Abbreviations
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Neonatal vitamin D physiology
31.3 Vitamin D related health outcomes for infant
31.3.1 Bone, calcium and other classic vitamin D actions
31.3.2 Beyond bone: pleiotropic effects of vitamin D
31.3.3 Securing achievement of growth potential
31.3.4 Infection/immunity/allergy/asthma
31.3.5 Type 1 diabetes
31.4 Special circumstances for preterm and small for gestational age infants
31.5 Recommendations for vitamin D in the perinatal period are highly variable
31.5.1 Europe - ESPGHAN
31.5.2 Europe - France
31.5.3 Australia and New Zealand
31.5.4 North America
31.6 Making recommendations work
31.7 Conclusion
References
32. Lactation and vitamin D
Abstract
Abbreviations
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Vitamin D and calcium physiology during lactation
32.3 Vitamin D recommendations for infants
32.4 Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in breastfeeding infants
32.5 Effects of vitamin D deficiency in breastfeeding infants
32.6 Direct vitamin D supplementation to the breastfeeding infant
32.7 Vitamin D supplementation of mother to support the breastfed infant
32.8 Conclusion
References
33. Vitamin D replacement in pregnant women in developing countries
Abstract
Abbreviations
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Hypovitaminosis D during pregnancy: magnitude and relevance to developing countries
33.2.1 Causative factors
33.2.2 Characteristics of developing countries
33.2.3 Magnitude and impact
33.3 Vitamin D supplementation
33.4 Areas of uncertainty and progress
33.5 Conclusions
References
34. Vitamin D in pregnancy
Abstract
Abbreviations
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Adaptations of vitamin D metabolism during pregnancy
34.3 Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy during pregnancy
34.4 Vitamin D and pregnancy outcomes
34.5 Maternal outcomes
34.5.1 Infertility
34.5.2 Preeclampsia
34.5.3 Gestational diabetes
34.5.4 Bacterial vaginosis
34.5.5 Length of gestation/spontaneous preterm birth
34.5.6 Mode of delivery
34.5.7 Other
34.6 Fetal and neonatal outcomes
34.6.1 Skeletal development
34.6.2 Intrauterine growth
34.6.3 Immune maturation
34.6.4 Brain development
34.7 Developmental programming for later life outcomes
34.7.1 Childhood asthma and wheezing
34.7.2 Type I diabetes
34.7.3 Schizophrenia
34.7.4 Multiple sclerosis
34.8 Recommended intakes and monitoring of vitamin D status in pregnancy
34.9 Supplementation and toxicity in pregnancy
34.10 Conclusion
References
35. Design and rationale of the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL)
Abstract
Abbrevations
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Methods
35.2.1 Overview
35.2.2 Study aims
35.2.3 Vitamin D intervention
35.2.4 Study population
35.2.5 Recruitment, run-in, randomization, follow-up, and endpoint determination procedures
35.2.6 Blood samples
35.2.7 Assessment of compliance
35.2.8 Assessment of background intake of vitamin D
35.2.9 Data analysis and statistical power
35.2.10 Ancillary studies and the Clinical and Translational Science Center subcohort
35.2.11 Strengths and limitations
35.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index
About the edtior
Acknowledgments

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