Arsenic in Plants

Name: Arsenic in Plants | Uptake, Consequences and Remediation Techniques
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Uptake, Consequences and Remediation Techniques

Prabhat Kumar Srivastava Rachana Singh Parul Parihar Sheo Mohan Prasad(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 8. September 2022

448 Seiten

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Arsenic in Plants

Comprehensive resource detailing the chemistry, toxicity and impact of arsenic in plants, and solutions to the problem

Arsenic in Plants: Uptake, Consequences and Remediation Techniques provides comprehensive coverage of the subject, detailing arsenic in our environment, the usage of arsenicals in crop fields, phytotoxicity of arsenic and arsenic's impact on the morphology, anatomy and quantitative and qualitative traits of different plant groups, including their physiology and biochemistry. The work emphasizes the occurrence of arsenic, its speciation and transportation in plants, and differences in mechanisms of tolerance in hyper-accumulator and non-accumulator plants.

Throughout the text, the highly qualified authors delve into every facet of the interaction of arsenic with plants, including the ionomics, genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics in relation to arsenic toxicity, impact of exogenous phytohormones and growth-regulating substances, management of arsenic contamination in the soil-plant continuum, phytoremediation of arsenic toxicity and physical removal of arsenic from water. General discussion has also been included on subjects such as the ways through which this metalloid affects plant and human systems.

Topics covered include:

* Introduction and historical background of arsenic and the mechanism of arsenic transport and metabolism in plants

* Arsenic-induced responses in plants, including impact on biochemical processes and different plant groups, from cyanobacteria to higher plants

* The role of phytohormones, mineral nutrients, metabolites and signaling molecules in regulating arsenic-induced toxicity in plants

* Genomic, proteomic, metabolomic, ionomic and transcriptional regulation during arsenic stress

* Strategies to reduce the arsenic contamination in soil-plant systems and arsenic removal by phytoremediation techniques

Researchers, academics, and students of plant physiology, biotechnology, and agriculture will find valuable information in Arsenic in Plants to understand this pressing subject in full, along with its implications and how we can adapt our strategies and behaviors to promote reduced contamination through practical applications.

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Arsenic: Sources, Occurrence, and Speciation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Status of Arsenic Contamination Around the World
1.3 Arsenic in the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment
1.4 Absolute Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility of As in Plants and Agronomic Systems
1.5 Factors Determining Arsenic Speciation and Bioavailability in Soil
1.5.1 Effect of Redox Potential (Eh) and pH
1.5.2 Interactions with Al, Fe, and Mn Oxides and Oxyhydroxides
1.5.3 Interactions with P, Si, and Other Elements' Concentration in the Soil
1.5.4 Interactions with Organic Matter
1.5.5 Clay Minerals and Other Factors
1.6 Arsenic Speciation in Plants
1.6.1 Methods of Determination of As and As Species in Plants
1.6.2 Uptake and Efflux Mechanism of Arsenate and Arsenite Species
1.6.3 Uptake and Efflux Mechanism of Methylated Arsenic Species
1.6.4 Arsenic and Rhizosphere Interaction (Mycorrhizal Fungi, Rhizofiltration)
1.7 Thiolated Arsenic and Bioavailability of Thiolated As Species in Plants and Terrestrial Environments
1.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Chemistry and Occurrence of Arsenic in Water
2.1 Chemical Properties of Arsenic
2.2 Worldwide Occurrence of Arsenic
2.3 Arsenic Occurrence in Natural Media
2.4 Arsenic Mobilization in Natural Media
2.5 Biological Methylation of Arsenic in Organisms
2.6 Anthropogenic Arsenic Contamination
2.7 Toxicity of Arsenic in Waters
2.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Arsenic Transport and Metabolism in Plants
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Arsenite Influx and Efflux
3.3 Arsenate Influx and Efflux
3.3.1 Arsenate and Phosphate Chemistry
3.3.2 Effects of As and P in Plants
3.3.3 Nature of Phosphate Transporters in Plants
3.3.4 Variations in PHT upon As and P Addition
3.3.5 Gene Manipulation of PHTs and PHT Related TFs
3.4 Transportation of Methylated As Species
3.5 Arsenic Metabolism in Plants
3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Arsenic Induced Responses in Plants: Impacts on Different Plant Groups, from Cyanobacteria to Higher Plants
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Responses of Arsenic on Various Plant Groups
4.3 Arsenic Response in Cyanophycean Algae
4.4 Responses on Other Groups of Algae (Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, Diatoms, Xanthophyceae, Charophyceae, etc.)
4.4.1 Chlorophyceae
4.4.2 Phaeophyceae
4.4.3 Rhodophyceae
4.4.4 Diatoms
4.5 Responses on Moss
4.6 Arsenic Response on Pteridophyte
4.7 Responses in Angiosperms
4.8 Perception of Arsenic Stress by Plants and Triggering of Signaling Cascades
4.9 Mechanistic Aspects of Responses Related to Arsenic (Effect on ATP Synthesis, Photosynthesis, DNA, Protein, Cell Membrane, Carbohydrate, and Lipid Metabolism)
4.9.1 Effect of Arsenic on ATP Synthesis
4.9.2 Arsenic's Effect on Photosynthesis
4.9.3 Effect of Arsenic on Cell Membrane
4.9.4 Arsenic Induced Oxidative Stress
4.9.5 Effect of Arsenic on Carbohydrate Metabolism
4.9.6 Effect of Arsenic on Lipid Metabolism
4.9.7 Effect of Arsenic on Protein
4.9.8 Effect of Arsenic on DNA
4.10 Future Prospects and Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Arsenic-Induced Responses in Plants: Impacts on Morphological, Anatomical, and Other Quantitative and Qualitative Characters
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Impact of Arsenic on the Morphological Characters of Plants
5.3 Impact of Arsenic on the Anatomical Characters of Plants
5.4 Effect of As on stem Anatomy of Plants
5.4.1 Effect of Arsenic on Anatomy of Plants Roots
5.5 Impacts of Arsenic on Quantitative Characters of Plants
5.5.1 Root Plasmolysis
5.5.2 Cell Division
5.5.3 Biomass
5.5.4 Energy Flow
5.5.5 Photosynthetic Pigments
5.6 Impact of Arsenic on the Qualitative Characters of Plants
5.6.1 Cellular Membrane Damage
5.6.2 Leaf Reflectance
5.6.3 Water Loss
5.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Arsenic-Induced Responses in Plants: Impacts on Biochemical Processes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Arsenic Effect on Biochemical Process in Plants
6.3 Oxidative Stress on the Arsenic-Induced Plant
6.4 Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Arsenic-Induced Plant
6.5 Lipid Metabolism in the Arsenic-Induced Plant
6.6 Protein Metabolism in the Arsenic-Induced Plant
6.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Photosynthetic Responses of Two Salt-Tolerant Plants, Tamarix gallica and Arthrocnemum indicum Against Arsenic Stress: A Case Study
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Metal Uptake
7.3 Impact of Arsenic on Photosynthetic Pigments
7.4 Effect of Arsenic on Photosynthetic Apparatus
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Genomic and Transcriptional Regulation During Arsenic Stress
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Study of Differentially Regulated Genes During Arsenic Stress in Plants
8.3 Genetic Study of Arsenic-Responsive Genes in Plants
8.3.1 Genetic Study of Transporters Involved in Arsenic Uptake and Translocation
8.3.1.1 Transporters Involved in Arsenate Uptake in Plants
8.3.1.2 Transporters for AsIII Uptake in Plants
8.3.1.3 Genes Involved in Intracellular AsV to AsIII Conversion in Plants
8.3.1.4 Transporters for As Translocation
8.3.1.5 Genetic Study of As Detoxification Genes in Plants
8.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 9 Proteomic Regulation During Arsenic Stress
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Proteins in Antioxidative Defense Strategies
9.2 Molecular Chaperones in Response to Arsenic Stress
9.3 Participation of Protein in CO2 Assimilation and Photosynthetic Activity
9.4 Pathogen-Responsive Proteins (PR) in Response to Arsenic Stress
9.5 Participation of Proteins in Energy Metabolism
9.6 Possible Pan-interactomics
9.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Metabolomic Regulation During the Arsenic Stress
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Arsenic Uptake/Translocation in Plants
10.3 Arsenic Removal Efficiency in Plants
10.4 Toxicity of Arsenic on Plants Metabolism
10.5 Metabolome Regulation and Plants Tolerance
10.6 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11 Role of Phytohormones in Regulating Arsenic-Induced Toxicity in Plants
11.1 Arsenic and Its Source
11.2 Uptake and Transport of Arsenic Within Plants
11.3 Mechanism of Arsenic Efflux by Plant Roots
11.4 Impact of Arsenic on Metabolism and its Toxicity in Plants
11.5 Phytohormones, Their Role and Interaction with Heavy Metals
11.6 Mechanism of Detoxification of Heavy Metals with Special Emphasis on Arsenic by Phytohormones
11.7 Exogenous Application of Phytohormones over Detoxification
11.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Influence of Some Chemicals in Mitigating Arsenic-Induced Toxicity in Plants
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Role of Phosphorus
12.3 Role of Nitric Oxide
12.4 Role of Hydrogen Sulfide
12.5 Role of Calcium
12.6 Role of Proline
12.7 Role of Phytohormones
12.8 Role of Selenium
12.9 Role of Silicon
12.10 Conclusion
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13 Strategies to Reduce the Arsenic Contamination in the Soil-Plant System
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Arsenic
13.3 Arsenic Use in Agricultural Soils
13.4 Arsenic Fate in Soil
13.5 Toxicity of Arsenic on Humans, Animals and Plants
13.6 Strategies to Reduce the Arsenic Contamination in the Soil-Plant System
13.6.1 Agricultural Management for Detoxification and Mitigation of Arsenic
13.6.2 Biotechnological Method
13.6.3 Bioremediation
13.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14 Arsenic Removal by Phytoremediation Techniques
14.1 Arsenic Presence in the Environment
14.2 Arsenic Contamination and its Effects on Human Health
14.3 Arsenic Toxicity in Plants
14.4 Arsenic Attenuation by Phytoremediation Technology
14.5 Phytoextraction
14.6 Arsenic Hyperaccumulation by Plants
14.7 Phytostabilization
14.8 Phytovolatilization
14.9 Rhizofiltration
14.10 Novel Approaches of Phytoremediation Technology
14.10.1 Using Nanotechnology
14.10.2 Nanoparticles in Soil
14.10.3 Foliar Application of Nanoparticles
14.10.4 Intercrops and Rotation Cultivation
14.10.5 Irrigation Regime Management
14.10.6 Soil Oxyanions Management
References
Chapter 15 Arsenic Removal by Electrocoagulation
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Arsenic Contamination in Natural Waters
15.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Main Arsenic Removal Technologies
15.4 As Removal Mechanism with EC
15.5 Operating Parameters Affecting Arsenic Removal Through EC
15.6 Electrode Shape and Material
15.7 Solution pH
15.8 Effect of Applied Current
15.9 Optimization of EC Arsenic Removal Process
15.10 Cost of EC Arsenic Removal Method
15.11 Merits and Demerits
15.12 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16 Developments in Membrane Technologies and Ion-Exchange Methods for Arsenic Removal from Aquatic Ecosystems
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Arsenic Chemistry, Sources, and Distribution in Water
16.3 Health Implications of Arsenic
16.4 Membrane Technologies
16.4.1 High-Pressure Membranes
16.4.1.1 Reverse Osmosis
16.4.1.2 Nanofiltration
16.4.2 Low-Pressure Membrane
16.4.2.1 Microfiltration
16.4.2.2 Ultrafiltration
16.5 Ion Exchange
16.5.1 Ion-Exchange Resins
16.5.2 Polymeric Ligand Exchangers
16.5.3 Fe-Loaded Resins
16.5.4 Cu(II)-Loaded Resins
16.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17 Arsenic Removal by Membrane Technologies and Ion Exchange Methods from Wastewater
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Arsenic Removal Using Membrane Separation
17.2.1 Microfiltration
17.2.2 Nanofiltration
17.2.3 Reverse Osmosis
17.2.4 Ultrafiltration
17.3 Arsenic Removal Using Ion Exchange Methods
17.3.1 Ion Exchange Resin
17.3.2 Ion Exchange Fiber
17.4 Methods to Increase the Efficiency of Arsenic Removal
17.4.1 Oxidation
17.4.2 Adsorption
17.4.3 Coagulation and Flocculation
17.4.4 Phytoremediation
17.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18 Methods to Detect Arsenic Compounds
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Colorimetric Method
18.3 Electrochemical Method
18.4 Method Based on FRET
18.5 Method Based on SPR
18.6 Method Based on Spectrometry
18.6.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
18.6.1.1 Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
18.6.1.2 Electrothermal/Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
18.6.2 Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry
18.6.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Techniques
18.6.3.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
18.6.3.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma/Optical Emission Spectrometry
18.7 Biosensor for Arsenic Detection
18.7.1 Whole Cell-Based Biosensor
18.7.1.1 Green Fluorescent Protein-Based Biosensor
18.7.1.2 Bioluminescence/Luciferase-Based Biosensor
18.7.1.3 ß-galactosidase/lacZ-based biosensor
18.7.1.4 Whole-Cell Biosensor Based on Other Approaches
18.7.2 Cell-Free/Biomolecules-Based Biosensor
18.7.2.1 DNA-Based Biosensor
18.7.2.2 Aptamer-Based Biosensors
18.7.2.3 Protein-Based Biosensors
18.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19 An Overview on Emerging and Innovative Technologies for Regulating Arsenic Toxicity in Plants
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Uptake of Arsenic
19.3 Arsenic Toxicity on Plants
19.4 Remediation Strategies of Arsenic Toxicity in Plants
19.4.1 With the Application of Signaling Molecules and Phytohormones
19.4.2 With the Application of Nano Particles
19.4.3 With the Application of Genetic Manipulations
19.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20 A Potential Phytoremedial Strategy for Arsenic from Contaminated Drinking Water Using Hygrophilla spinosa (Starthorn Leaves)
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Methodology
20.2.1 Adsorbent
20.2.2 Sample Collection and Preparation of Adsorbent
20.2.2.1 Sampling Site
20.2.2.2 Preparation of Material
20.2.3 Adsorbate
20.2.4 The Batch Adsorption Study
20.2.5 Estimation of As
20.2.6 Estimation of Fe
20.2.7 Calculation
20.2.8 Quality Control and Quality Assurance
20.2.9 Statistical Evaluation
20.3 Results and Discussion
20.3.1 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage
20.3.2 Effect of Contact Time
20.3.3 Effect of pH
20.3.4 Effect of RPM
20.4 Conclusion
References
Index
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