Nanotechnology in Ophthalmology

List of contributors Foreword Preface Section IGeneral introduction1. Nanotechnology in the diagnosis of ocular diseases, drug delivery, and therapy: challenges and opportunitiesLokanath Mishra, Sushama Talegaonkar, Mahendra Rai, Marcelo L. Occhiutto and Monalisa Mishra1. Introduction2. Nanotechnology for early diagnosis of ocular diseases3. Conventional treatment modalities3.1 Eye drops3.2 Emulsions3.3 Suspensions3.4 Ointments3.5 Injection3.6 Systemic method for delivery of the drug4. Advantages and disadvantages of the conventional treatment5. Challenges in ocular drug delivery5.1 Inadvertent drug washout from the eye's surface5.2 Corneal epithelium5.3 The bloodeOcular barrier5.4 Tear turnover5.5 Nasolacrimal drainage5.6 Drug binding to tear proteins5.7 Melanin binding5.8 Drug metabolism6. Ocular drug delivery and the role of nanotechnology6.1 Nanoemulsion6.2 Nanosuspension6.3 Nanoparticles6.4 Liposomes6.5 Dendrimers6.6 Nanomicelles6.7 Niosomes7. Different types of eye disease and how nanotechnology can counter them 7.1 Ocular infections 7.2 Eye inflammation 7.3 Dry eye syndrome 7.4 Glaucoma 7.5 Drug administration into the posterior segment 8. Different types of nanoformulations are used as a carrier to treat various diseases 9. Role of phytoconstituents in the drug delivery system 10. Conclusion and future perspectives Acknowledgments References Section IIPerspectives of nanotechnology in ocular drug delivery2. An overview of ocular drug delivery systems--conventional and novel drug delivery systemsTarun Virmani, Girish Kumar, Ashwani Sharma and Kamla Pathak1. Introduction 2. Ocular barriers to drug delivery 2.1 Anatomical barriers 2.2 Physiological barriers 3. Conventional dosage forms 3.1 Eye drops 3.2 Eye ointment 3.3 Ophthalmic gels 3.4 Ocular emulsions 3.5 Ocular suspensions 3.6 Ocular injections 4. Nanotechnology-based approaches 4.1 Liposomes 4.2 Solid lipid nanoparticles 4.3 Nanostructured lipid carriers 4.4 Polymeric nanoparticles 4.5 Nanoemulsions 4.6 Niosomes 4.7 Dendrimers 4.8 Hydrogels 4.9 Polymeric micelles 5. Recent advancements in ocular drug delivery 6. Clinical status of nanotechnology-based ocular delivery systems 7. Patents on various ophthalmic preparations and devices 8. Commercialized conventional and novel ophthalmic formulations 9. Conclusion and future prospective References 3. Fathoming biopharmaceutical tenets and characterization techniques for the plausible ophthalmic drug delivery performanceNitu Dogra, Richu Singla, Sushama Talegaonkar and Honey Goel1. Introduction 2. Topical drug delivery 2.1 Biopharmaceutics and its pharmacokinetic aspects 2.2 Considerations for optimal ophthalmic design 2.3 Subconjunctival drug administration 3. Considerations for the optimal design 3.1 Subconjunctival injection 4. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery carriers 5. Characterization of ophthalmic drug forms 5.1 In Vitro characterization 5.2 Evaluation and assessment of drug parameters in the dosage form 5.3 In vivo Assessment 6. Conclusions References Section IIIBiomedical applications of nanocarriers in ocular diseases, and toxicity4. Newer nanoformulated peptides in ocular therapeutics: issues and approachesBakr Ahmed, Pratibha Sharma, Ujjesha Mudgill and Indu Pal Kaur1. Introduction 2. Challenges related to peptide ocular delivery 3. Ocular bioavailability and peptide transport systems 4. Newer peptide therapeutics and their nanocarriers trending in ophthalmology 4.1 Human amniotic membrane in ocular therapeutics 4.2 Cell-penetrating peptide 4.3 Vasoactive intestinal peptide 5. Conclusion and future perspective References 5. An overview of nanocarriers used in corneal diseasePriti Singh, Smita Patel, Nikhila C. Jain, Vidhya Verma and Bhavana Sharma1. Introduction 2. Corneal anatomical and physiological factors 3. Effect of the tear film on drug permeability 4. Benefits and limitations of common ocular delivery routes 4.1 Systemic administration 4.2 Topical administration 4.