Women, Politics, and Power

List of Illustrations
Preface
About the Authors
1Introduction to Women in Politics
Arguments for Women's Representation in Politics
The Story of Mukhtar Mai: Village Council Justice
Wife Beating in Nigeria: De Jure versus De Facto Law
Standing Against Party: The Sister Senators of South Carolina Resist a Total Abortion Ban
Justice Arguments for Women's Representation
Utility Arguments for Women's Representation
A Brief Overview of Women's Participation in Politics
Orienting Theories
Power
The Dimensions of Power: An Example
Gender and Gender Stratification
Gender and Power Concepts: Patriarchy, Public versus Private, and Intersectionality
Feminist Institutionalism
Overview of the Book
2Women Struggle for the Vote: The History of Women's Suffrage
Suffrage in the United States
Women's Suffrage and the US Constitution
Gender Transgressions at the Polls in Early America
Women and the Antislavery Movement: The Struggle Begins
The Leadership, Organization, and Tactics of the Early Suffrage Movement
Black Women and the US Suffrage Movement
The State Suffrage Movement: Why the West Was Best
Partnering with the Progressive Movement
Opposition to Women's Suffrage
Women Gain the Vote: The Events Leading to the Passage of the 19th Amendment
Suffrage Movements outside the United States
Movement Size, Composition, and Alliances
Goals and Ideology
Movement Opposition
Tactics and Level of Militancy
Women's Suffrage after 1945
Women Exercising Their Vote
3Positions and Pathways: Women's Representation in Government
Government Structures and Positions of Power
Women Presidents and Prime Ministers
Paths to Power for Women National Leaders
Difficulties Faced by Women Leaders
Women in Cabinet Positions
Women in Parliaments
Milestones and Historical Trajectories
Women in Parliaments Today
Women in the Judiciary
Women in Subnational Governments
4Intersectionality and Difference
Thinking Intersectionally
Slower and Lower: Double and Triple Barriers in Politics
Multiple Barriers to Indigenous Women in Politics
Multiple Barriers to Transgender, Gender Nonconforming, and Intersex People in Politics
The Puzzle of Success: Strategic Opportunities and Complementarity
When Identities Collide: The Rights and Representation of Minority Women
When All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men: Invisibility and Its Political Consequences
But Who Represents Us? Multiple Marginalization and Symbolic Representation
5Explaining the Political Representation of Women: Culture
A Woman's Place in History: Women in Political Philosophy
A Woman's Place Today: The Continuing Power of Culture
Regional Differences
Religion
Cultural Attitudes
Culture and Women's Representation in Politics
Ambition
Role Model Effects
Media
6Explaining the Political Representation of Women: Social Structure
Economic Development
Money
Time
Civic and Political Skills
Education
Work
Networks
Beyond Meritocracy
Violence against Women in Politics
7Explaining the Political Representation of Women: Politics
Democracy
Democratic Leaders Appoint More Women
Democracies May Not Elect More Women
Democratic Transitions and Backslides
Selection Mechanisms
Electoral Systems
Why Are Proportional Representation Systems Good for Women?
Types of Proportional Representation Systems
Are the Same Systems and Rules Good for All Women?
Political Appointments
Cabinet Appointments
Judicial Appointments
Political Parties' Characteristics
From Candidate to Legislator
Quotas
What Kinds of Quotas Are There and Which Are Better?
Threshold for Representation
Candidate Quotas, Political Party Quotas, and Reserved Seats
Quotas, Looking beyond Gender
¡SOY JUANA, No "Juanita"!: Quota Reform in Mexico
Looking beyond National Legislatures
The Adoption of Gender Quotas
Do Quotas Affect Candidate Quality? Can Quotas Disrupt Men's Power?
8Explaining the Political Representation of Women: International Factors
The International Women's Movement
Women's Activism: United Nations, WINGOs, and International Protest
Women's Activism Increases the Supply and Demand of Women in Politics
Foreign Aid and Women's Representation
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
Armed Conflict and Women's Access to Power: International Dimensions
9Do Women Make a Difference?
Thinking Differently: Women's Views on Women and Their Policy Priorities
Acting Differently: Women's Voting Patterns, Bill Sponsorship, and
Appellate Court Rulings
Acting Successfully: Women's Legislative Effectiveness
Legislating Differently: Women's Legislative Style
Do Numbers Matter?
Women's Movements and Women's Policy Machinery
Winning Hearts and Minds: Symbolic Representation
10The West and the United States
The Geography of Women in Politics
Western Industrialized Countries
Success Stories: Early Nordic Growth, Parity, and Imbalanced Cabinets
Backlash: Harassment and Violence Against Woman Politicians
Women in the European Union
Middle of the Pack: The United States
Women in the US Senate and House of Representatives: Growing Slowly
Women in the States
Women in the State Legislature
Women Governors
Women and the American Presidency
I Just Don't Think She Has a Presidential Look
Explanations-Culture
Explanations-Structure (Eligibility)
Explanations-Politics
Gender Gaps in American Politics
Party Affiliation
Voter Turnout
Campaign Activities
11Eastern Europe and Central Asia
The Fall of the Soviet Union: Women Fall Too
Variation in Recovery
Explaining Women's Political Power since 1990
Eastern and Central Europe and the European Union
Populism and the Far-Right Bring Backslides
Women Press Back
12Latin America and the Caribbean
Legacies of Culture in Latin America
Democratization and Women's Political Empowerment
Women's Participation in Guerrilla Warfare and Revolutionary Movements
Women's Participation in Protest Movements
Participation to Representation?
Gender Quotas
Obstacles to Women's Political Power
Women in Subnational Governments Make Big Gains
Setbacks and Challenges for Women in Politics
13Middle East and North Africa
An Overview and Brief History of the Region
What Explains Women's Underrepresentation?
Why Authoritarian Leaders Grant Women Rights
Changes Come to Women of the Gulf Coast Region
Wins for Women in Bahrain
A "Sudden Surge" in the UAE
Forces for Change in the Region
Gender Quotas: A Look at Early Adopters
Raising Awareness about Women's Underrepresentation in Turkey
Women and the Arab Spring
Tahrir Square Brings Little Improvement for Women in Egypt
After the Arab Spring
14Asia and the Pacific
Cultural Influences on Women in Politics in Asia and the Pacific Islands
Confucianism
Honor Culture
Women Voters (Not) Supporting Women Politicians
Family Ties and Clientelism
Party Politics and Local Gender Quotas
Local Gender Quotas in India: Women in the Panchayat Raj
Women in Afghanistan
15Sub-Saharan Africa
Colonialism
One-Party Rule, Democracy, and Democratization
Women, Ethnicity, and Ethnic Politics
Armed Conflict: Devastation Yet Hope?
Increasing the Supply of Women Candidates
Changing Culture
Creating Opportunities and Changing Politics
Gender and the Presidency in Africa
16Where Do We Go from Here? And How Do We Get There?
Where Are We Now?
Where Are We Going?
How Do We Get There?
Furthering Women's Position in the Social Structure
Influencing Culture
Disrupting Politics as Usual
In Conclusion: What Would a 50/50 World Look Like?
Glossary
References
Index