The Species Problem

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. THE SPECIES PROBLEM: IN BROAD STROKES ON A CONCEPTUAL HISTORICAL CANVAS

1.1. Developing cognitive situation

1.1.1. Structure of cognitive situation

1.1.2. Species, species concept, species problem

1.2. History on a conceptualistic account

1.3. A historical narrative of the species problem

CHAPTER 2. ANTIQUE NATURAL PHILOSOPHY: SPECIES AS EIDOS

2.1. Classical period: the birth of genos and eidos

2.1.1. Plato's eidology

2.1.2. Aristotle's ousiology

2.1.3. Aristotelian polysemy: the problem arises

2.1.4. Theophrastus' Enquiry into Plants

2.2. Neoplatonists: Porphyry's questions

CHAPTER 3. THE MIDDLE AGES: SPECIES AS UNIVERSALIA

3.1. An eve of scholasticism: the beginning of genus and species

3.2. Realism: species really exists

3.3. Conceptualism: species concept refers to something real

3.4. Nominalism: species concept refers to nothing real

3.5. Genus-species scheme

CHAPTER 4. THE RENAISSANCE AND THE EARLY MODERN TIMES: SPECIES AS CLASSIFICATION UNIT

4.1. The Renaissance turn and the "second" scholasticism

4.2. The early Modern Times: natural-classificatory dualism

4.3. The origin of systematics: species of the living

4.3.1. Herbal epoch as a precursor

4.3.2. From Cesalpino to Ray: a scholastic legacy

4.3.3. Tournefort and Linnaeus: disconnection of genus and species

4.3.4. Adanson, Jussieu, etc.: the birth of natural systematics

4.3.5. "Ladderists" against "Systemists"

CHAPTER 5. THE MODERN TIMES: SPECIES AS BIOLOGICAL UNIT

5.1. The forerunners: initial routs of objectivation of biological species

5.1.1. Biblical motifs

5.1.2. Generative idea

5.2. The 19th century and beyond: biologization of the species problem

5.2.1. Evolutionary idea: species as an actor of biological evolution

5.2.2. Ecological idea: species as a component of ecosystem

5.3. Biosystematics and others: fall and rise of species

5.4. "Multiplication of essences": the kinds of species

CHAPTER 6. THE CONTEMPORARY: THE NEWEST ISSUES

6.1. Species definition: a conceptual pyramid

6.2. Species ontology: new questions

6.3. The "new essentialism": an evolving specieshood?

6.4. If not species, then what?

REFERENCES

INDEX