Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Medicine

Name: Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Medicine
Brand: Wiley
Price: 189.99 EUR
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Visakh P. M.(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 7. September 2022

576 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Medicine: Medical Applications: Challenges and Opportunities
1.1 Nanoneurology
1.2 Nanomolecular Diagnostics
1.3 Nanopharmaceuticals
1.4 Role of Nanotechnology in Biological Therapies
1.5 Nanomaterials for Gene Therapy
1.6 Nanotools for the Treatment of Ocular Diseases
1.7 Nanotechnology Applications in Food and Nutrition Science
1.8 Rubber Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications
References
Chapter 2 Nanoneurology
2.1 Introduction and Recent Advances
2.2 Types of Nanomaterials
2.3 Nanomaterial Applications for Neurodegenerative Diseases
2.3.1 Alzheimer's Disease
2.3.2 Parkinson's Disease
2.4 Nanomaterial Applications for Strokes
2.5 Nanomaterial Applications for Spinal Cord Injuries
2.6 Nanomaterial Applications for Brain Tumors
2.7 Adverse Effects of Nanomaterials
2.8 Regulatory Issues
2.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Nanomolecular Diagnostics
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Molecular Diagnostics
3.1.2 Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
3.1.3 Molecular Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases
3.2 Nanodiagnostics
3.3 Nanoparticles for Molecular Diagnostics
3.3.1 Nanowires
3.3.2 Nanotubes
3.3.3 Quantum Dots
3.3.4 Nanopores
3.3.5 Nanoneedles
3.3.6 Nanorobots
3.3.7 Nanoscale Cantilevers
3.4 Applications of Nanoparticles for Molecular Diagnostics
3.4.1 Nanoparticle-Based Molecular Diagnostics for Cardiovascular Diseases
3.4.2 Nanoparticle-Based Molecular Diagnostics for Cancer Diagnosis
3.4.3 Nanoparticle-Based Molecular Diagnostics for CNS Diseases
3.4.4 Nanoparticle-Based Molecular Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases
3.5 Comparison Between Nanomaterials and Other Materials in Molecular Diagnostics
3.6 Prospects of Nanodiagnostics
3.7 Regulatory Issues
3.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Nanopharmaceuticals
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Liposomes in Nanopharmaceuticals
4.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles in Nanopharmaceuticals
4.4 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in Nanopharmaceuticals
4.5 Dendrimers in Nanopharmaceuticals
4.6 Quantum Dots in Nanopharmaceuticals
4.7 Regulatory Issues
4.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Role of Nanotechnology in Biological Therapies
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biological Therapies
5.2.1 Immunotherapy
5.2.2 Gene Therapy
5.2.3 Targeted Therapy
5.3 Nanoparticles in Biological Therapies
5.3.1 Biocompatible Nanoparticles
5.3.2 Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems
5.3.3 Nanoparticle-Based DNA and RNA Delivery Systems
5.3.4 Nanoparticle-Based Targeted Therapy
5.4 Application of Nanotechnology in Biological Therapies
5.4.1 Drug Delivery Nanosystems in Oncology
5.4.2 Nanoparticle-Based Targeted Radiotherapy
5.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanoparticles in Biological Therapies
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Nanomaterials for Gene Therapy
6.1 Introduction and Recent Advances
6.2 Nanomaterials and their Physicochemical Properties
6.2.1 Size and Shape
6.2.2 Surface Charge
6.2.3 Surface-to-Volume Ratio
6.3 Methods of Characterizing the Physicochemical Properties of Nanomaterials
6.4 Target Organ Biocompatibility/Toxicity
6.4.1 Mechanism of Potential Cytotoxic Effects of Nanomaterials
6.4.2 Biological Defense System against Nanomaterial
6.5 Gene Delivery
6.5.1 Gene-delivery Vectors
6.5.2 Intracellular Uptake and Trafficking
6.5.3 Gene Regulation
6.6 Regulatory Issues
References
Chapter 7 Nanotools for the Treatment of Ocular Diseases
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Ocular Anatomy
7.3 Physiological Barriers in the Eye
7.3.1 Tear Fluid (Lacrimal Fluid)
7.3.2 Cornea
7.3.3 Vitreous Humor
7.3.4 Blood-Retinal Barrier
7.4 Methods of Ocular Disease Treatment
7.5 Nanomedicine in Ocular Therapy
7.5.1 Nanoparticle-based Systems
7.5.2 Improving Strategies in Nanomedicine for Ocular Therapy
7.5.3 Contact Lenses
7.6 Closing Remarks
Conflict of Interest
References
Chapter 8 Nanotechnology Applications in Food and Nutrition Science
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Nanostructured Delivery Systems
8.2.1 Nanocarriers
8.2.2 Colloidosomes
8.2.3 Cubosomes
8.2.4 Archaesomes
8.2.5 Nanocochleates
8.2.6 Biopolymeric Nanoparticles
8.2.7 Liposomes
8.2.8 Nanolaminate
8.2.9 Nanofibers
8.2.10 Dendrimers
8.2.11 Hydrogel Nanoparticles
8.2.12 Polymeric Nanoparticles
8.2.13 Carbon-based Nanocarriers
8.2.14 Quantum Dots
8.2.15 Nanoemulsions
8.3 Nanoparticles Based on Inorganic Materials
8.3.1 TiO2 and Ti-N Nanoparticles
8.3.2 Silica Nanoparticles
8.3.3 Carbon Nanotubes
8.4 Metal Nanoparticles
8.4.1 Nano Zinc Oxide
8.4.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
8.4.3 Selenium Nanoparticles
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Rubber Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Rubbers for Biomedical Applications
9.2.1 Silicone Rubber
9.2.2 Polyurethanes
9.2.3 Thermoplastic Elastomers
9.3 Rubber-based Nanocomposites
9.3.1 Silicone Rubber Nanocomposites
9.3.2 Polyurethane Nanocomposites
9.3.3 Natural Rubber Nanocomposites
9.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Medicine: Materials Development: Challenges and Opportunities
10.1 Nanomaterials and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
10.2 Nanorobotics in Nanomedicine
10.3 Nanosensors
10.4 Inorganic Nanoparticles for Drug-delivery Applications
10.5 Intelligent Nanomaterials for Medicine
10.5.1 Nanocomposite
10.5.2 In vivo tests
10.6 Polymer-based Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications
10.7 Toxicity of Nanomaterials
10.8 Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Medical Applications
10.9 Antimicrobial Applications of Nanoparticles
References
Chapter 11 Nanomaterials and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
11.1 Introduction and Recent Advances
11.2 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: General Concepts
11.3 Implantable Nanomaterials to Regenerate Living Tissues
11.4 Nanomaterials as Carriers for Therapeutic Agents
11.5 Nanofibrous Scaffolds
11.6 Nano-topography Techniques for Tissue-engineered Scaffolds
11.7 Regulatory Issues
11.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Nanorobotics in Nanomedicine
12.1 Introduction
12.2 What is Nanorobotics?
12.3 Nanorobotics in Nanomedicines
12.4 Nanorobots for Medical Imaging
12.5 Nanorobots for Targeted Drug Delivery
12.5.1 Bacterial, Viral, and Parasitic Infection
12.5.2 Cancer
12.5.3 Cardiovascular Disease
12.5.4 Cerebrovascular Disease
12.5.5 Hormonal, Metabolic, and Genetic Disease
12.5.6 Kidney Diseases
12.5.7 Retinal Diseases
12.6 Enzymatic Nanolithography
12.7 Biomimetic Approach
12.8 Cell Biochips
12.9 Nanorobots for Precision Surgery
12.10 Nanorobots for Detoxification
12.11 Fabrication of Nanorobots
12.11.1 Microfabrication
12.11.2 Nanofabrication
12.12 Toxicity
12.13 Administration and Retrieval
12.14 Clinical Presence of Nanorobots
12.15 Reproducibility and Standardization
12.16 Regulatory Issues
12.16.1 The FDA and Nanorobots
12.16.2 PTO and Nanorobots
12.17 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Nanosensors
13.1 Introduction and Recent Advances
13.1.1 What are Nanosensors?
13.1.2 Why are they Important?
13.1.3 How Nanosensors Work
13.1.4 Some Recent Advancements in Nanosensors
13.2 Classification of Nanosensors
13.2.1 Mechanical Nanosensors
13.2.2 Gas Nanosensors
13.2.3 Optical Nanosensors
13.2.4 Fiber Optic Nanosensors
13.2.5 Nanosensors for Electrical Current Measurement
13.2.6 Magnetic Nanosensors
13.2.7 Biosensors
13.2.8 Nanosensors Based on Nanoparticles and Nanoclusters
13.2.9 Nanosensors Based on Nanowires, Nanofibers, and CNTs
13.2.10 Nanosensors Based on Graphene
13.2.11 Nanosensors Based on Bulk Nanostructured Materials
13.2.12 Nanosensors Based on Metal-organic Frameworks
13.3 Nanosensor Fabrication
13.3.1 Top-down Methods
13.3.2 Bottom-up Methods
13.3.3 Molecular Self-assembly
13.4 Inorganic Nanosensors
13.4.1 Materials Used
13.5 Biopolymer-derived Nanosensors
13.5.1 Materials Used
13.6 Applications
13.6.1 Drug Discovery
13.6.2 Monitoring the Effect of Drugs in Mammalian Cell
13.6.3 Cancer Diagnosis
13.6.4 Tumor Detection
13.6.5 Glucose Monitoring
13.6.6 pH Sensing
13.6.7 Asthma Detection
13.6.8 Cell Monitoring
13.6.9 Microorganism Detection
13.6.10 Protein and DNA Detection
13.6.11 Contamination in Organic Implant
13.6.12 Astronaut's Diagnosis
13.6.13 Other Diagnosis
13.6.14 Other Examples of Nanosensor Applications
13.7 Regulatory Issues
13.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14 Inorganic Nanoparticles for Drug-delivery Applications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles
14.2.1 Sonochemical Synthesis
14.2.2 Solvothermal Process
14.2.3 Nucleic Acid-mediated Synthesis
14.2.4 Synthesis by Ionizing Radiations
14.2.5 Biosynthesis
14.2.6 Precipitation of Salts in an Aqueous Medium
14.2.7 Decomposition in Organic Media
14.2.8 Synthesis Using Water-in-oil (W/O) Microemulsions
14.2.9 Polyol Process
14.3 Properties of Inorganic Nanoparticles
14.3.1 Interfacial Properties
14.3.2 Optical and Electronic Properties
14.4 Functionalization of Inorganic Nanoparticles
14.5 Quantum Dots for Drug Delivery
14.5.1 As Nanocarriers for Drugs in Targeted Drug Delivery
14.5.2 Topical Application
14.6 Drug Delivery by Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
14.6.1 As Selective Targeting Agent for Localized Therapy
14.6.2 As Stimuli-responsive Drug-delivery System
14.6.3 As Immediate/Sustained Drug-delivery Systems
14.7 Silver Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
14.7.1 As an Antibacterial Agent
14.7.2 As Anticancer Agents
14.7.3 As Antiviral Agents
14.7.4 As an Antifungal Agent
14.7.5 As Drug-targeted Delivery System
14.7.6 As Photoactivated Drug-delivery Vectors
14.7.7 As Topical Wound Healing Agents
14.8 Gold Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
14.8.1 For Anticancer Drug Delivery
14.8.2 For Targeted Drug Delivery
14.8.3 For Glutathione-mediated Drug Release
14.8.4 For Photothermal Therapy
14.9 Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
14.9.1 For Magnetic Target-based Drug Delivery
14.9.2 For Active and Passive Targeting in Drug Delivery
14.10 Hybrid Systems of Inorganic Nanoparticles
14.11 Prospects of Inorganic Nanoparticles
14.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Intelligent Nanomaterials for Medicine
15.1 Introduction to Intelligent Nanomaterials
15.2 Design and Function of Intelligent Nanoparticles
15.3 Various Intelligent Materials for Medicines
15.3.1 Carbon-based Materials
15.3.2 Metal-based Nanomaterials
15.3.3 Polymer-based Nanomaterials
15.3.4 Micelles and Liposomes Nanomaterials
15.3.5 Nanogels
15.3.6 Hybrid Nanostructures
15.4 Type of Stimuli in Intelligent Nanomaterials in Medicine
15.5 Clinical Applications of Intelligent Nanomaterials
15.5.1 In Immunoassay
15.5.2 In Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease
15.5.3 In Biological Imaging
15.5.4 In Electrochemical Sensors
15.5.5 In Separation
15.5.6 In Wound Healing
15.5.7 In Biocide Resistive Surfaces
15.6 Potential Risk Factors in Nanomaterial Application
15.7 Summary and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 16 Polymer-based Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications
16.1 Introduction and Recent Advances
16.2 Polymers for Biomedical Fields
16.2.1 Polymer Properties
16.2.2 Classification of Polymer-based Nanocomposites
16.2.3 Host-guest Concept of Polymer Nanocomposites
16.3 Synthesis of Nanocomposites
16.4 Characterization Tools for Nanocomposites
16.5 Size, Shape, and Morphology of Nanocomposites
16.6 Polymer Nanocomposites for Various Applications
16.7 Nanocomposites for Molecular Diagnosis and Biopharmaceutics
16.7.1 Tissue-Engineering
16.7.2 Patch Therapy
16.7.3 Drug-Delivery Systems
16.7.4 Biosensor and Protein Immobilization
16.7.5 Drug-release Kinetics
16.8 Perspectives of Nanocomposites
16.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Toxicity of Nanomaterials
17.1 Introduction and Recent Advances
17.2 Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials
17.2.1 Metallic Nanoparticles
17.2.2 Carbon-based Nanomaterials
17.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
17.2.4 Fullerenes
17.2.5 Graphene
17.2.6 Quantum Dots
17.2.7 Polymeric Nanoparticles
17.3 Biodistribution, Mechanism, and Excretion of Nanomaterials
17.3.1 Routes of Entry
17.3.2 Biological Barriers
17.3.3 Cellular Uptake
17.3.4 Biodistribution and Biokinetics of Nanoparticles
17.3.5 Excretion
17.4 Toxicity of Nanomaterials
17.4.1 Metal-based Nanoparticles
17.4.2 Carbon Nanomaterials
17.4.3 Organic-based Nanoparticles
17.5 Physicochemical Properties and Toxicity of Nanomaterials
17.5.1 Nanoparticle Surface Area and Size
17.5.2 Crystalline Structure and Composition
17.5.3 Aspect Ratio and Shape of Particles
17.5.4 Surface Charge
17.5.5 Concentration and Aggregation
17.5.6 Influence of Surface Roughness and Surface Coating
17.5.7 Influence of Media/Solvents
17.6 Regulatory Issues
17.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Medical Applications
18.1 Introduction and Recent Advances
18.2 Multifunctional Nanomaterials
18.3 Diagnostic Application
18.4 Therapeutic Application
18.5 External Stimuli-responsive Nanoparticles for Medicinal Applications
18.5.1 Light Responsive
18.5.2 Thermal Responsive
18.5.3 Ultrasonic Responsive
18.5.4 Biological Responsive
18.6 Regulatory Issues
18.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 19 Antimicrobial Applications of Nanoparticles
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Antimicrobial Properties of Nanoparticles
19.2.1 Metal-oxide Nanoparticles
19.2.2 Metal Nanoparticles
19.2.3 Polymer-based Nanoparticles
19.3 Antimicrobial Applications of Nanoparticles
19.3.1 Biomedical Applications
19.3.2 Food Industry
19.3.3 Water Disinfection
19.3.4 Textiles
19.3.5 Other Applications
19.4 Conclusions
References
Index
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