The Parental Brain

Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Parental Behavior: Descriptions, Terms, and Definitions 1. Parental Behavior in Vertebrates 2. Parental Behavior in Mammals Chapter 3. Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals 1. Introduction 2. Hormonal Regulation of Maternal Behavior in Rats, Rabbits, and Sheep 3. Hormones and Maternal Behavior in Mice 4. The Maintenance of Maternal Behavior and the Onset-Maintenance Dichotomy in Rats Rabbits, and Sheep 5. Hormones and Maternal Behavior in Nonhuman Primates 6. General Conclusions Chapter 4. Brain Mechanisms Regulating Maternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals: Oxytocin and Olfaction 1. Introduction 2. A Tour of the Rodent Brain 3. Oxytocin and Maternal Behavior 4. Olfaction and Maternal Behavior in Rodents, Rabbits, and Sheep 5. General Conclusions Chapter 5. Central Neural Circuits Regulating Maternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals 1. Introduction 2. The Essential Role of the Medial Preoptic Area 3. The Larger Neural Circuitry within Which the MPOA Operates to Influence Maternal Behavior 4. Neural Plasticity within Maternal Brain Circuits, the Maintenance of Maternal Behavior, and Maternal Memory 5. General Conclusions Chapter 6. Anxiety Reduction and Maternal Aggression in Postpartum Nonhuman Mammals 1. Introduction 2. Behavioral Characteristics of the Postpartum Reduction in Fearfulness 3. Behavioral Characteristics of the Postpartum Increase in Maternal Aggression 4. Opposing Roles of Oxytocin (OT) and Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) in Anxiety- Related Behaviors 5. The Neural Circuitry of Maternal Aggression 6. The Neural Circuitry of Fear/Anxiety and the Mechanisms Mediating its Postpartum Downregulation 7. Critical Evaluation of the Hypothesis that Decreased Activity within Fear/Anxiety Neural Circuits Exerts a Permissive Effect on the Occurrence of Maternal Aggression by Releasing Aggression Circuits from Inhibition 8. The Effects of High Activity within CRF Neural Systems on Infant-Directed Maternal Behavior 9. Conclusions Chapter 7. Alloparental Behavior and Paternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals 1. Introduction 2. The Laboratory Mouse as an Experimental Model of Allomaternal behavior 3. Alloparental Behavior in Prairie Voles 4. Alloparental Behavior in Marmosets and Tamarins 5. Conclusions on Alloparenting 6. Naturally Occurring Paternal Behavior 7. Experimentally-Induced Paternal Behavior in Mammalian Species that Naturally Exhibit a Uniparental Maternal Care System 8. Conclusions on Paternal Behavior Chapter 8. The Parental Brain in Humans 1. Introduction 2. Subcortical Neural Regions and Circuits Implicated in the Maternal Behavior of Women 3. Cortical Neural Regions and Circuits Relevant to Maternal Behavior in Women 4. Cortical Neural Activations Associated with Maternal Responsiveness in Women 5. Postpartum Depression 6. The Paternal Brain in Men 7. General Conclusions Chapter 9. Development of the Parental Brain in Nonhuman Mammals 1. Introduction 2. Normal Variations in Maternal Licking/Grooming of Pups Affect the Development of the MPOA-to-VTA-to-NA Circuit in Rodent Offspring 3. Normal Variations in Maternal Licking/Grooming of Pups Affect the Development of Neural Circuits that Regulate Stress Reactivity, Fearfulness, and Anxiety in Rodent Offspring 4. The Effects of Various Forms of Maternal Neglect of a Young Infant on the Subsequent Development of Maternal Behavior and its Associated Neural Systems in the Affected Infant 5. Conclusions Chapter 10. Development of the Parental Brain in Humans 1. Introduction 2. The Intergenerational Transmission of Maternal Responsiveness: A Behavioral Analysis 3. Normal Variations in Parental Behavior are Related to the Development of the Parental Brain in Offspring 4. The Relationships Between Abnormal Parental Care and the Development of Neural Circuits that Could Impact Parental Behavior in the Affected Offspring 5. Conclusions Chapter 11. Evolutionary Perspectives on the Parental Brain 1. Introduction 2. Brain Modifications that May Underpin Alloparental Behavior 3. MPOA Interactions with the Mesolimbic DA System Regulate the Appetitive Aspects of Maternal Behavior, Male Sexual Behavior, and Female Sexual Behavior 4. Modifications to the Core MPOA-to-VTA-DA Circuit and the Formation of an Enduring Mother-Infant Bond in Mammals 5. The Neural Mechanism of the Mother-Infant Bond: A Potential Neural Foundation for the Enduring Pair Bond that Forms between Mates in Socially Monogamous Mammalian Species 6. The Potential Contribution of Maternal Neural Circuits to the Neural Basis of Human Hyper-Cooperation and Hyper-Prosociality 7. Conclusions