International Energy Law

Name: International Energy Law
Brand: Kluwer Law International
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Mohammad Naseem(Autor*in)

Kluwer Law International (Verlag)

2. Auflage

Erschienen am 20. April 2021

296 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Title Page
Copyright Page
The Author
Coauthor
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
General Introduction
Part I. International Energy Law and Sources
Chapter 1. Sources of International Energy Law
§1. Domestic Law
§2. International Treaties and Agreements
I. Energy Charter Treaty
II. International Energy Charter
III. Treaties Relating to Use of Nuclear Energy
IV. Bilateral Investment Protection Treaty and Agreements
V. Trans-boundary Agreements/Treaties as Source
VI. Agreements and Working of Energy-Specific Bodies, as Source
A. International Energy Agency
B. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
C. WTO and ECT
D. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
E. Multilateral Environment Agreements
F. Regional-Level Agreements Like EU and North American Free Trade Agreement
§3. Energy Contracts
§4. International Custom and Practices
§5. International Institutions and Organizations
§6. International Arbitration Awards
Part II. Petroleum
Chapter 1. Concessions and Licenses
§1. Main Terms of Concessions and Licenses
I. Exclusive Right
II. Duration
III. Ownership of Production
IV. Ownership of Installation
V. Parties and Their Responsibilities
VI. Signature Bonus
VII. Royalties
VIII. Special Participation Fee
IX. Payment for Retention of the Area
X. Local Content
Chapter 2. Tax and Royalty Regime
§1. Royalty
§2. Income Tax
§3. Resource Rent Tax
§4. Ring Fencing
§5. Transfer Pricing
Chapter 3. Joint Ventures and Participation Agreements
§1. Types of JVs
I. Contractual or Unincorporated JV
II. Incorporated JV
Chapter 4. Production Sharing Contract
§1. Offer of Petroleum Acreages Through Bidding
§2. Basic Concept
§3. Salient Features of a Typical PSC
I. Signature and Production Bonus
II. License for Exploration Period
III. Relinquishment
IV. Liabilities of Resource Owner and Contractor
A. Implications of Macondo Well Blowout and Oil Spill Liability
B. Huge Quantum of Liability
C. Likely Consequences
V. Work Program
VI. General Rights and Obligations of the Parties
VII. Discovery, Development and Production
VIII. Mining Lease
IX. Unit Development
X. Protection of Environment
XI. Fiscal Regime under PSC
A. Cost Oil and Profit Oil
B. Royalty, Tax, Cess
XII. Fiscal Stability
A. Stabilization Clauses in PSC
B. Discuss and Keep Constant the Economic Benefits
C. No Tax to Be Paid by IOC But Paid by NOC
D. Tax Reimbursed by NOC
E. Grand Father Clause
F. Parliamentary Approval and Ratification
G. Renegotiation
H. Stabilization Clauses and Human Rights
XIII. State Equity
XIV. Indirect Taxes and Import Duties
XV. Value Added Tax
XVI. Sale, Disposal and Valuation of Petroleum
XVII. Employment and Procurement Policy
XVIII. Distribution of Liability-Insurance and Indemnities
XIX. Duration of the Contract and Force Majeure
XX. Accounting Procedure and Other Control Tools
XXI. Other Provisions
§4. The Choice Between Tax/Royalty and Production Sharing Regimes
§5. Revenue Sharing Contract
I. Differences Between PSC and RSC
II. Application of RSC in India
A. Draft MRSC
B. Review of RSC by India
Chapter 5. Service Contract and Buyback or Risk Service Contract
§1. Service Contracts
§2. Risk Service Contract or Buybacks
I. Cost Recovery and Remuneration in Buyback Arrangement
II. Title in Petroleum
III. Exploration PSC and Development PSC
§3. Iranian Petroleum Contracts
I. Differences Between Buyback and IPC
II. Types of Contracts
III. Joint Operations
IV. Bidding Process
V. Cost Recovery and Remuneration
VI. Shortcomings
Part III. Coal
Chapter 1. Introduction
§1. Global Coal Reserves
§2. Global Coal Production
§3. Global Coal Consumption
§4. Transformation of Global Energy Market
§5. Coal Imports and Consumption Trends
§6. Price of Coal
§7. International Law and Mining Industry
I. Force Majeure and Change in International Law
II. International Treaties Relating to Coal
A. ECSC Treaty, Paris 1951
B. The Treaty of Point Elliot
Chapter 2. Coal and Pollution
§1. Environmental Impact of Coal
§2. Rights of Indigenous People Against Environmental Degradation
§3. The Exploitation of Coal and Human Rights
Part IV. Electricity
Chapter 1. Changing Electricity Scenario
§1. Access to Electricity
§2. Electricity Demand and Consumption
§3. Role of Renewables
§4. Slow Pace of Electrification
§5. Role of Utilities
§6. Structural Changes
Chapter 2. Electricity Reforms in the World
§1. Vertical Integration
I. International Practice in Vertical Integration
A. Single Fully Vertically Integrated Monopoly
B. Multiple Vertically Integrated Regional Monopolies
II. Impact of Vertical Integration
§2. Growth in Renewable Energy Sources
§3. WTO and Electricity Trade
I. WTO Customs Valuation Agreement
II. Electricity Energy Trade Contract
III. Reforms in the Electricity Market
A. Liberalization
B. Restructuring
C. Corporatization
D. Deregulation
§4. U.S. Experience in Market Reform
§5. Retail Competition and Small Customers
§6. Competitive Metrics
I. Regulator
II. Resource Adequacy and Investment in Infrastructure
§7. Global Electricity Initiative
I. Role of Utilities
II. Transforming Global Energy System
III. Reform Laws
A. Subsidies
B. Regulatory Approaches
Chapter 3. Power Purchase Agreements
§1. Main Provisions of Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
I. Quantity, Quality and Price
II. Take-or-Pay Clause
III. Third-Party Sales
IV. Performance Matrix of Power Producer
V. Consequences of Termination
Chapter 4. Nuclear Power
§1. Clean Energy
§2. Nuclear Generating Capacity
§3. Nuclear Thermal Propulsion
§4. Use of Nuclear Energy and UN
I. International Atomic Energy Agency
II. Non-proliferation Treaty
Part V. Renewable Energy
Chapter 1. Overview of Renewables
§1. Sources of Renewables
I. Wind Energy
II. Hydropower
A. Advantages of Hydropower
B. Technology
III. Biofuels
IV. Solar Photovoltaic
Chapter 2. Feed-In Tariff
§1. Fixed-Price Versus Premium Tariff
§2. Cost Allocation
§3. Contract Duration
§4. Applicable Energy Technologies
§5. Tariff Amount
§6. Digression Rate
§7. Advanced Renewable Tariffs
§8. The Success of FIT Policy
I. Who Pays for FITs?
II. Beneficiary from FIT
§9. Benefits of FIT
I. Reduction in CO2 Emissions
II. The Creation of Jobs
III. A More Secure Domestic Energy Supply
IV. An Increased Drive for Technological Innovation
V. The Creation of Fair Market Conditions for Renewable Technologies
VI. FIT Payment Duration
§10. Developing FITs Through Laws and Regulation
§11. FITs in Developing Countries
Chapter 3. Renewable Energy Certificate
§1. International Experience of REC Implementation
§2. Salient Features of REC Mechanism
§3. Institutional Setup and Identification of Roles and Responsibilities
§4. United States
I. Compliance and Voluntary Markets
§5. Germany
§6. United Kingdom
Part VI. International Energy Law and Environment
Chapter 1. Global Energy Growth and Environment
§1. Energy Use and Impact on Environment
I. Position of China
II. Position of India
§2. Role of Natural Gas in Pollution Control
§3. Global Energy Transition
§4. Subsidies for Renewables
Chapter 2. Nuclear Energy and Environmental Liability
§1. Treaties on Use of Nuclear Energy
I. Antarctic Treaty 1959
II. Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and under Water (Partial Test-Ban Treaty), 1963
III. Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (Treaty of Tlatelolco), 1967
IV. Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (Outer Space Treaty), 1967
V. Non-proliferation Treaty, 1968
VI. Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons on the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof (Sea-Bed Treaty), 1971
VII. South Pacific Nuclear-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Rarotonga), 1985
VIII. Southeast Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Bangkok), 1995
IX. African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba), 1996
X. Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, 1996
XI. International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (Nuclear Terrorism Convention), 2005
XII. Central Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Semipalatinsk), 2006
XIII. Bilateral Agreements Between U.S. and Russian Federation on the Limitation of ABM Treaty, 1972
XIV. The United States-Soviet Union Intermediate-and Shorter-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, 1987
XV. The United States-Soviet Union Strategic Arms Limitation and Reduction Treaty, 1991 (START I)
XVI. The United States-Soviet Union Strategic Arms Limitation and Reduction Treaty, 1993 (START II)
XVII. Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty, or the Moscow Treaty, 2002
§2. Environmental Friendly Source of Energy
§3. Nuclear Reactor and Environmental Consideration
I. Installation of a Reactor
II. Disposal of Radioactive Waste
III. Spent Reactor Fuel and Reactor Decommissioning
§4. Nuclear Safety and Liability for Environmental Disaster
I. Chernobyl in Ukraine
II. Fukushima in Japan
Chapter 3. The Regulation of Oil Spills from Ships and Offshore Installations
§1. Introduction
§2. Treaties and Conventions
I. MARPOL Convention
II. Safety of Life at Sea International Convention, 1974
III. International Convention on Standards of Training Certification and Watch Keeping for Seafarers, 1978
IV. Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972
V. Loadline International Convention, 1966
VI. OPRC International Convention on Oil
VII. Intervention International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties, 1969
VIII. Salvage the International Convention
IX. CLC International Conventions on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969 and 1992
X. International Conventions on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1971 and 1992 (Fund Convention), and the Supplementary Fund Protocol, 2003
§3. Quality and Risk Assessment Study
§4. IMO Conventions/Port State Requirements/Local, National and Regional Response Plans
§5. Blowout and Oil Spill Liability
I. Piper Alpha Disaster
II. Macando Blowout
A. Likely Consequences
B. Responses in U.S.
C. Cap on Oil Spill Liability
III. Challenges for Countries with Underdeveloped or No Legislation
Chapter 4. Coal Energy and Pollution
§1. Introduction
§2. Coal to Renewables
§3. Mining and Radioactivity
§4. Preference Relating to Alternatives to Coal
Chapter 5. Electricity and Pollution
§1. Coal Used for Electricity Generation
§2. Nuclear Power Stations
§3. Pollution and Preference of Energy Source
§4. Coal-Fired Electricity Generation
§5. Radiation
Part VII. Unitization and Trans-boundary Issues
Chapter 1. Unitization
§1. Rule of Capture
§2. Rule of Cooperation
§3. Frigg Unitization Agreement
§4. The Framework Agreement
§5. Unitization and Joint Development
I. Evolution of Unitization
II. The Pre-unitization Agreement
A. Key Provisions of a Pre-unitization Agreement
III. The Unitization Agreement
A. Structure of Unitization Agreement
B. Change in the Unit Area
IV. Redetermination
A. Process for Redetermination
B. Redetermination and Role of Expert
V. Legal Position of Existing JOA
§6. Joint Development Arrangements
I. Main Provisions of JDA
A. Geographical Scope
B. Exploration and Development
C. Institutional Machinery
D. Environmental Protection
E. Fiscal Provisions
F. Dispute Resolution Mechanisms
G. Decommissioning
Chapter 2. Marine Energy Resources and Trans-boundary Issues
§1. Sea Wealth as Common Heritage of Mankind
I. Third Law of Sea Conference
§2. Deep-Sea Mining
§3. Provisions of UNCLOS
I. Territorial Sea
II. Straits Used for International Navigation
III. Archipelagic States
IV. Exclusive Economic Zone
V. Continental Shelf
VI. High Seas
VII. Islands
VIII. Enclosed or Semi-enclosed Seas
IX. Landlocked States
X. International Seabed Area
XI. Marine Pollution
XII. Marine Scientific Research
XIII. Settlement of Disputes
XIV. Right to Free Passage
§4. International Acceptance
§5. Deep Seabed Mining
Chapter 3. Cross-Border or Transborder Pipelines
§1. The Legal Regime for Pipeline
I. Conventions and Treaties
A. 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
B. The Energy Charter Treaty
§2. Multilateral and Bilateral Arrangements
§3. Right to Lay Submarine Pipeline
I. Rights of Coastal and Other Interested States
II. Adjudication of Disputes
§4. Environmental Aspects of Cross-Border Pipelines
I. Regional Environmental Regimes
§5. Human Rights and Pipelines
§6. Practical Problems and Issues
Chapter 4. WTO Agreement and Energy
§1. Classification Problem
§2. Environmental Protection and WTO
I. Multilateral Environmental Agreements
II. Regional-Level Agreements Like EU and NAFTA
III. Green Public Procurement
§3. WTO Framework Agreement on Energy
I. The Basic Classification of Energy and Energy Services
§4. Trade in Energy Services
I. Classification of Energy Services
II. Energy and Rules on Subsidies
A. State Resources
B. The Selective Benefit for an Undertaking
C. Distortion of Competition and Effects on Trade Between Member States
D. Energy Production Controls and Export Restrictions
E. Imports Made Restrictive Through State-Trading Operations
F. Available Exceptions
III. Competition Rules and WTO
IV. Regulatory Coherence
Part VIII. Investment Stability and Energy
Chapter 1. Investment Protection
§1. Permanent Sovereignty of State over Natural Resources
§2. Protective Mechanisms for Investors
Chapter 2. Stabilization
§1. Types and Nature of Stabilization Clause
I. Freezing the Tax System
II. Economic Balancing Clause
III. Allocation of Burden
IV. Intangibility Clause
§2. Multilateral and BIT
§3. Renegotiation
§4. Renegotiation and Stabilization Clause
I. Duty to Renegotiate
§5. Cases Related to Stabilization Clauses
I. The Aminoil Case
II. AMOCO v. Iran
§6. Restraint Imposed by Domestic Law
Chapter 3. Renegotiation
§1. Acquired Wisdom
§2. No Renegotiate Clause
§3. Obligation to Renegotiate?
§4. Contract with Renegotiation Clause
I. The Aminoil Clause
II. The Ok Tedi Clause
III. The Ghana/Shell Clause
IV. The Lasmo Clause
V. The Qatar Clause
§5. Similarities and Differences
§6. Obligations to Reach an Agreement
§7. Duty to Negotiate to the Extent of Agreeing
§8. Claims for Damages
§9. Enforceability of the Renegotiation Clause
§10. Arbitration as a Means of Contract Adjustment
Chapter 4. Nationalization
§1. Resource Nationalism
§2. Investment Treaties
I. Most-Favored-Nation Clause
II. Fair and Equitable Treatment
III. Basic Rules of BIT
§3. Nationalization and Dispute Resolution
I. International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
A. Enforcement of Award
§4. Positive Impact of Treaty Protection
I. Indirect Expropriation
§5. Cases of Expropriation under International and National Law
I. The Government of the State of Kuwait v. The American Independent Oil Company (1982)
II. Exxon Mobil v. Government of Venezuela
III. Occidental Petroleum Corporation (Oxy) v. The Republic of Ecuador
Part IX. Energy Business and Human Rights
Chapter 1. Violation of Human Rights
§1. Rights of Indigenous Peoples
I. Nigeria, the Delta and Ken Saro-Wiwa
II. Burma and Unocal
III. Chad-Cameroon Pipeline
IV. American Continent and Extreme Fossil Fuel Technologies
§2. Stabilization and Human Rights
I. Human Rights Undertakings
II. Stabilization Clauses and Human Rights
§3. Renewable Energy and Human Rights
§4. Access to Affordable Energy: A Human Right
Part X. Sanctions and Energy Business
§1. Sanction Regimes
I. EU and U.K. Sanction Regimes
II. U.S. Sanctions Regime
A. U.S. Regulations
III. U.N. Sanctions
§2. Sanctions on Different Countries
I. Sanctions Against Venezuela
II. Sanctions Against Russia
III. Sanctions Against Iran
A. UN Sanctions on Iran
1. UN Resolutions Concerning Iran
a. UN Security Council Resolution No. 1696 of 2006
b. UN Security Council Resolution No. 1737 of 2006
c. UN Security Council Resolution 1747 of 2007
d. UN Security Council Resolution 1803 and 1835 of 2008
e. UN Security Council Resolution 1929 of 2010
f. UN Security Council Resolution 2231 of 2015
B. EU and U.K. Sanctions Against Iran
C. U.S. Sanctions Against Iran
D. Reasons for U.S. Sanctions on Iran
E. Legal Challenges to the Sanctions
F. Effects of Sanctions
1. Decline in Oil Production
2. Scarcity of Important Basic Items
3. Decline in Value of Currency
4. Ship Insurance
5. Barter Trade
6. Drop in Oil Revenue
7. Humanitarian Impact
G. Civil Movement Against Sanctions
H. Frozen Assets
I. Relief from Sanctions
1. Relief Through JCPOA
2. U.S. Withdrawal from JCPOA
3. EU Blocking Statute
Part XI. Dispute Settlement in Energy Sector
§1. Alternate Dispute Resolution
I. The Singapore Convention on Mediation, 2020
§2. Dispute Resolution in Hydrocarbon Industry
§3. Stay of Court Proceedings
I. For Facilitating ADR
II. Stay on Commencement of Expert Determination
§4. Issues and Disputes Arising out of COVID-19
Chapter 1. Arbitration
§1. Appointment of Arbitrator
§2. The Energy Arbitrators
I. Energy Arbitrators List
II. Institute for Energy Law EAL
III. The Hong Kong International Arbitration Center
§3. Publication of Award
§4. Enforcement of Arbitration Award
I. Enforcement in China
II. Domestic Court Interference
§5. Problems in Appearance
I. Restrictions in Thailand
II. Restriction in China
III. Relaxation in Some Countries
Chapter 2. Litigation
§1. Granting of License
§2. Interested Parties and Sufficient Interest
§3. Litigation and Environmental Groups
§4. Business in South Africa
§5. Exercise of Discretion
§6. Government Obligation to Achieve Target Set
§7. Duty to Give Reasons
§8. Fairness Versus Consistency
§9. Full Public Consultation
Selected Bibliography
Index

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