Environmental Pollution Control

Name: Environmental Pollution Control | An Introduction to Principles and Practice of Administration
Brand: Kluwer Law International
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An Introduction to Principles and Practice of Administration

J. McLoughlin E. G. Bellinger(Autor*in)

Kluwer Law International (Verlag)

Erschienen am 1. Januar 2001

262 Seiten

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978-90-411-7722-3 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Cover
Half Title Page
Editorial Board
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter I Environmental Pollution
1. ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
1.1 Causes of environment change
1.2. Changes and consequent damage
2. SCOPE OF THE TERM 'POLLUTION CONTROL'
2.1 'Pollution control' distinguished from other related terms
2.2 Arbitrary limitations on the scope of this study
2.3 Definitions of 'pollution'
3. POLLUTION DAMAGE
3.1 The nature of pollution damage
3.2 Long and short-term pollution damage
3.3 Indirect pollution damage
4. OBJECTIVES OF POLLUTION CONTROL
4.1 Elimination and reduction of pollution
4.2 Formulation of pollution policies
4.3 Immediate purposes of a system of pollution control
4.4 Protection for the polluter
Chapter II Systems of Administration
1. NECESSARY ELEMENTS OF A SYSTEM OF CONTROL
1.1
1.2 The need for policy control
2. SYSTEMS OF CONTROL
2.1
2.2
3. THE POLICY MAKERS
3.1 Formulation of policy
3.2 Research
4. THE ADMINISTRATION
4.1 The functions of the administration
4.2 Integration of pollution controls
5. ENFORCEMENT PROCESS
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6 Hybrid arrangements
5.7 Enforcement officers in the process of prosecution
5.8 Improvement and prohibition notices
6. SAFEGUARDS FOR TUE GENERAL PUBLIC
6.1 Information and consultation
6.2 Public watchdog
6.3 Freedom of information and public registers
7. DEMOCRACY AND JUSTICE
7.1
7.2
7.3
8. SAFEGUARDS AGAINST CORRUPTION
8.1
8.2
9. INTEGRATED SYSTEMS OF CONTROL
9.1 Problems of co-ordination
9.2 Framework law
9.3 Integrated pollution control
10. SYSTEM OF INTERNAL DEPARTMENTAL CONTROLS
10.1
10.2
10.3
11. CONTROL BY INDEPENDENT AUTHORITY
11.1
11.2 US Federal Environmental Protection Agency
12. THE CHOICE BETWEEN THE TWO MAIN SYSTEMS
12.1 Co-operation between interested ministries
12.2 Balance of advantages
13. OTHER SYSTEMS OF CONTROL
13.1
13.2 Sweden
13.3 Denmark
13.4 France
Chapter III Techniques of Control
1. PURPOSES OF CONTROL MEASURES
1.1
1.2
1.3
2. OBJECTIVES AND STANDARDS
2.1
2.2 Environmental quality objectives
2.3 Discharge standards
2.4
3. PRODUCT STANDARDS AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
3.1
3.2 The use of product and performance standards
3.3 Dumping of sub-standard products
3.4 Criteria akin to product standards
3.5 Standards of competence of operators and other personnel
3.6 Safety standards and precautions which can forestall pollution
4. CLASSIFICATION OF CONTROLS
5. THE CONTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS TO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
5.1 Government intervention and environmental management
5.2 The role of economic instruments in environmental management policy
5.3 Categories of economic instruments
5.4 Economic instruments: nature, purpose and potential
5.5 Charges and environmental management
5.6 Product charges
5.7 Examples of the use of economic instruments in environmental management
5.8 Conclusions
6. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
6.1 The use of administrative powers
6.2 Administrative and judicial powers
6.3 Supervisory powers and powers to secure implementation
6.4 Economic planning
7. LEGAL CONTROLS - CIVIL
7.1
7.2 Civil actions and their effects
8. LEGAL CONTROLS - CRIMINAL
8.1 Classification of controls
8.2 Land use planning controls
8.3 Licensing of operations
8.4 Controls over processes, substances, plant and equipment to be used in production
8.5 Place and manner of discharge or deposit
8.6 Character or composition of a discharge or deposit
8.7 Poor maintenance and alteration of a product
8.8 Pollution charges
8.9 Misuse of products
8.10 Final disposal of products
Chapter IV Enforcement
1. FORMS OF ENFORCEMENT
1.1 Civil, and other forms of control not enforced directly by criminal penalties
1.2 Criminal
2. POWERS AND DUTIES OF AUTHORITIES ENFORCING CRIMINAL PROVISIONS
2.1 Enforcement process
2.2 Ancillary functions of the authority and its inspectors
2.3 Persons with enforcement powers
2.4 Restrictions on the power to prosecute, and the powers of individuals to take action
3. SPECIAL POWERS OF ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS, AND NECESSARY SAFEGUARDS FOR THE OPERATOR OR DISCHARGER
3.1 Special powers of enforcement officers
3.2 Safeguards for the operator or discharger
Chapter V Civil Liability
1. POLLUTION CONTROL AND CIVIL LIABILITY
1.1 Legislation on control and on civil liability
2. STANDARDS APPLIED IN CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY
2.1
2.2
2.3
3. FORMS OF CIVIL LIABILITY
3.1
3.2 Fault liability
3.3 Strict liability
4. CRITERIA APPROPRIATE TO LIABILITY FOR POLLUTION DAMAGE
4.1 Disadvantages of fault liability
4.2 Reliance on strict liability
4.3 'Risk liability'
5. DAMAGE FROM UNATTRIBUTABLE SOURCES
5.1 The problem
5.2 Voluntary schemes for compensation
5.3 Statutory schemes for compensation
6. ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE - WILLING AND COMPETENT PLAINTIFFS
6.1 Civil actions as effective deterrents
6.2 Want of a competent and willing plaintiff
6.3 Legal measures to make remedies available
6.4 Actions by public authorities on behalf of members of the public
6.5 Standing to sue
6.6 Proposed rights of action by conservation associations
7. LIMITATIONS ON LIABILITY
7.1
7.2 Normalliability from civil actions
7.3 Provisions for the limitation of liability for pollution damage
7.4 Basis of claims for limitation of liability
Chapter VI Rights of Individuals
1. NATURE AND SOURCES OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS
1.1 Nature of individual rights
1.2 Sources of individual rights
2. RIGHT TO INFORMATION
2.1 The need for rights to information
2.2 Basis of the right to information
3. RIGHT TO SUBMIT AND HAVE CONSIDERED OBJECTIONS AND REPRESENTATIONS
3.1 Informal representations
3.2 The right to have objections and other representations considered
4. APPEALS
4.1 Purposes of appeal
4.2 Types of tribunals
4.3 Review by administrative courts
5. PRIVATE PROSECUTIONS
5.1 Right to bring a private prosecution
6. ACTIONS AGAINST THE CONTROL AUTHORITIES
6.1
6.2 Orders of mandamus
Chapter VII Polluter Pays Principle
1. MEANING AND SCOPE OF THE POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE
1.1. Polluter pays principle as a policy decision
1.2 Meanings given to the polluter pays principle
1.3 The principle as applied to control measures
2. COMPENSATION FOR POLLUTION DAMAGE
3. EXCEPTIONS TO THE POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE
3.1 Agreed exceptions
4. APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE IN PRACTICE
4.1 United States
4.2 Germany
4.3 France
4.4 Netherlands
4.5 Sweden
4.6
5. SCOPE OF THE POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE
5.1 The polluter pays - in principle
5.2 'He who takes the benefit .... '
6. THE POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE - POLICY AND PRACTICE
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4 Nationallegislation
Chapter VIII International Obligations
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
2.1
2.2
2.3
3. TRANSNATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
3.1 Eco-standards
3.2 Eco-permits
3.3 Eco-audits
4. THE DEFINITION OF POLLUTION AT INTERNATIONAL LAW
5. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND THE PROBLEM OF INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY
5.1
5.2
5.3 The standard of care
6. THE TYPES OF POLLUTION
6.1 Air pollution
6.2 Ultra-hazardous activities
6.3 Civil liability
6.4 Other hazardous activities
6.5 Marine pollution
7. REGIONAL APPROACHES TO MARINE POLLUTION
7.1
7.2 UNEP
7.3 Other UN bodies
7.4 Baltic
7.5 North Sea
7.6 Nordic States
8. GLOBAL WARMING AND OZONE DEPLETION
9. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES OF THE EC
10. CONCLUSION
Appendix A United Kingdom
1. TYPE OF CONSTITUTION
1.1
1.2 Legislature
1.3 Executive
1.4 Judiciary
2. LEGISLATION
2.1 Common Law
2.2 Statutes
2.3 Subordinate legislation
2.4 Environmental legislation
3. ADMINISTRATION OF POLLUTION CONTROLS
3.1 Inter-ministerial committees
3.2 Secretary of State for the Environment
3.3 Other ministries
3.4 Co-ordination
3.5 Local authorities
4. PUBLIC WATCHDOGS
4.1 House of Commons Select Committee on the environment
4.2 Royal commission on environmental pollution
Appendix B United States of America
1. TYPE OF CONSTITUTION
1.1
1.2 Legislature
1.3 Executive
1.4 Judiciary
2. LEGISLATION
2.1
2.2
2.3 Environmental legislation
3. ADMINISTRATION OF POLLUTION CONTROLS
3.1 The president
3.2 Office of Environmental Quality
3.3 Council on Environmental Quality
3.4 Environmental Protection Agency
3.5 The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
3.6 National Industrial Pollution Control Council
4. WORK OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ON STANDARDS AND CONTROLS
4.2 Standards
5. CONTROL OF POLLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
5.1 National primary and secondary air quality standards
5.2 State implementation plans
5.3 Standards of performance for new stationary sources
5.4 Emission reduction standards for existing sources
5.5 Federal enforcement
Appendix C Sweden
1. TYPE OF CONSTITUTION
1.1
1.2 Legislature
1.3 Executive
1.4 Judiciary
2. LEGISLATION
2.1 Nature Conservancy Act 1964
2.2 Environment Protection Act and Environment Protection Ordinance
2.3 Other legislation
3. ADMINISTRATION OF POLLUTION CONTROLS
3.1 Ministry of Agriculture
3.2 Environmental Advisory Committee
3.3 National Swedish Environment Protection Board
3.4 Countyadministrations
3.5 Franchise Board for Environmental Protection
3.6 Freedom of information
3.7 Ombudsmen
4. RESEARCH
4.1
4.2
Appendix D Denmark
1. TYPE OF CONSTITUTION
1.1
1.2 Legislature
1.3 Executive
1.4 Judiciary
2. LEGISLATION
3. ADMINISTRATION OF POLLUTION CONTROLS
3.1
3.2 Ministry of the Environment
3.3 Environment Agency
3.4 Environmental Appeal Board
Appendix E France
1. TYPE OF CONSTITUTION
1.1
1.2 Legislature
1.3 Executive
2. JURISPRUDENCE
3. ADMINISTRATION OF POLLUTION CONTROLS
3.1
3.2 Authorities with general responsibilities for environmental protection
3.3 Authorities and agencies with special responsibilities wh ich can affect the environment
4. INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF CONTROL FOR CERTAIN CLASSIFIED INSTALLATIONS
4.1
4.2
Appendix F Federal Republic of Germany
1. TYPE OF CONSTITUTION
2. LEGISLATURE
2.1 Federallegislature
2.2 Lander
2.3 Administrative decrees
3. ADMINISTRATION
3.1 Federal government
3.2 Co-ordinating and advisory bodies
3.3 The land er
3.4 Kreis
3.5 Gemeinden
3.6 Public corporations
3.7 Independent advisory councils
4. JUDICIARY
4.1 Judicial system
4.2 Judicial powers concerning environmental matters
4.3 Administrative law
4.4 Criminallaw
5. FORMS OF CONTROL
5.1
5.2 Atmospheric pollution - emission and immission standards
5.3 Licences for stationary installations
5.4 Pollution control agents
5.5 Effluent charges
Appendix G New Zealand
1. NEW ZEALAND ENVIRONMENT ACT
2. PARLIAMENTARY COMMISSIONER FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
2.1 Terms of appointment
2.2 Functions
2.3 Powers and rights
2.4 Duty to maintain secrecy
2.5 Annual and other reports
3. OMBUDSMAN
Appendix H Examples of Existing Legislative Provisions
1. ENFORCEMENT AND IMPROVEMENT NOTICES
United Kingdom Environmental Protection Act 1990, Section 13
Ontario Environmental Protection Act, Sections 9-11
Mauritius Environment Protection Act 1991, section 57
2. CONTROL, PROHIBITION AND STOP NOTICES AND ORDERS
United Kingdom Environmental Protection Act 1990, Sections 14 and 18
Ontario Environmental Protection Act, Sections 113 and 117
Mauritius Environment Protection Act 1991, Section 59
3. FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
European Communities Directive 90/313/EEC on Freedom of Access to Information on the Environment
United States Freedom of Information Act
United Kingdom Control of Pollution Act 1974
United Kingdom Environmental Protection Act 1990
United Kingdom Water Resources Act 1991
4. OBLIGATION TO CONSULT
United Kingdom Water Resources Act 1991
Index
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