Acid Rain and International Law

Name: Acid Rain and International Law
Brand: Kluwer Law International
Price: 284.99 EUR
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H. C. Martin(Herausgeber*in)

Kluwer Law International (Verlag)

Erschienen am 1. April 1981

302 Seiten

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978-90-411-7731-5 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Cover
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Foreword
Preface
Table of Content
List of Abbreviations
List of Scientific Terms & Abbreviations
Chapter One Introduction
Chapter Two Scientific Background
I. The Origin of Acid Rain
A. The Acidity of Natural Rain
B. Anthropogenic Acidity
II. The Effects of Acid Precipitation
A. Effects on Soils
B. Effects on Terrestrial Vegetation
C. Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems
D. Other Effects
III. Remedies Against the Detrimental Effects of Acid Rain
A. Amelioration of the Impact of Acid Rain
B. Elimination of Acid Rain at the Source
1. Energy conservation
2. Substitution
3. Abatement techniques to reduce sulphur content before fuel combustion
4. Abatement techniques reducing the emission during combustion
5. Abatement techniques reducing emissions after combustion
IV. Problems of Assessment and Proof
A. The Need for Assessment and Proof
B. Problems of Assessment
C. Sources and Causal Relations
1. The identification of sources and the establishment of causal relations in general.
2. The OECD Programme on Long-range Transport of Air Pollutants
D. The Evidence Dilemma
V. From Scientific Asssessment to Policy Decisions
Chapter Three Acid Rain from an Economist's Point of View
I. Introduction
II. Assessment of Costs and Benefits
A. The Costs and "Benefits" of Acid Rain and the Costs and Benefits of Pollution Control
B. Costs and Benefits Estimates
C. Evaluation of the Present Assessment of Costs and Benefits
III. Acid Rain and the Marketplace: A Case of Market Failure
A. The Functioning of a Market
B. Market Failure with regard to Acid Rain
IV. Weighing Policy Objectives
V. The Allocation of Entitlements
A. The Definition of Entitlements
B. Guiding Principles
C. The Choice of Entitlements
VI. Instruments to Implement and Enforce the Entitlements
A. The Use of Instruments
B. Instruments to Implement Entitlements
C. Instruments to Enforce Entitlements
D. Insurance Schemes
VII. Conclusion: The Function of the International Legal Structure
Chapter Four International Law Applicable to the Case of Acid and Polluted Rain
I. The Choice between Private and Public International Law
A. Special Actions
B. State Intervention on Behalf of Pollution Victims
C. State Claims on Their Own Behalf
D. Intergovernmental Regulation
II. Sources and Origins of International Environmental Law
A. International Conventions
B. Customary Law
C. General Principles of International Law
D. Certain Judgements and the Teachings of Highly Qualified Writers
E. Soft Law
F. The Municipal Heritage
III. Obligations Under General International Law
A. The Lack of a General Prohibition to Pollute
B. The Due Diligence Duty
C. The Good Neighbourliness Principle
D. The Prohibition of Abuse of Rights
E. The Principles of Solidarity and Equity
F. The Duty to Prevent
G. The Duty to Inform
H. The Duties to Consult, Negotiate and Co-operate
IV. State Responsibility for Environmental Degradation
A. The Definition of State Responsibility
B. The Attribution of Conduct to a State
C. The Nature of Liability
D. The Requirement of Damage
V. The Consequences of State Responsibility
A. Reparation
B. Awards Aimed at the Prevention of Future Damage
VI. Environmental Quality as a Human Right
Chapter Five International Co-operation Concerning the Environment
I. Introduction
II. The United Nations Environment Programme
A. The establishment of the UNEP Institutions
B. UNEP Activities relating to the Problem of Acid Rain
III. The Economic Commission for Europe
A. Objectives and institutional structure
B. The Activities of the Special Group on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
C. The ECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
IV. Council of Europe
A. Institutional Structure and Competence
B. Activities regarding Environmental Issues
C. Evaluation
V. The European Communities
A. Institutional Structure and Competence
B. The EC Environmental Policy
1. The EC Action Programmes
2. Other decisions relating to SO2 and NOx emissions
C. Evaluation
VI. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
A. Institutional Structure and Competence
B. OECD Activities relating to the Problem of Acid Rain
1. Council recommendations
2. Activities of the Environment Committee
3. Scientific Research
C. Evaluation of the OECD's Contribution to Ecological Management
VII. Canada-United States Relations
A. Introduction
B. Domestic Regulations Regarding Air Pollution Control
1. United States
2. Canada
C. Co-operation Between Canada and the United States With Regard to Transfrontier Pollution
1. The 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty and the International Joint Commission
2. U.S.-Canadian co-operation regarding acid rain
D. Evaluation
VIII. Co-operation Between the Nordic Countries
Chapter Six Conclusions
I. Evaluation of Current Ecological Management
II. The Need for Ecological Management
III. A Proposed Framework for Ecological Management
IV. Final Remarks.
Footnotes
FOOTNOTES TO CHAPTER ONE
FOOTNOTES TO CHAPTER TWO
FOOTNOTES TO CHAPTER THREE
FOOTNOTES TO CHAPTER FOUR
FOOTNOTES TO CHAPTER FIVE
Bibliography
A. REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS
B. BOOKS
C. ARTICLES AND PAPERS
APPENDIX A: CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION
APPENDIX B: ILA AUSTRALIAN BRANCH: DRAFT PRINCIPLES ON PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
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