Cardiovascular Diseases

Name: Cardiovascular Diseases | From Molecular Pharmacology to Evidence-Based Therapeutics
Brand: Wiley
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From Molecular Pharmacology to Evidence-Based Therapeutics

Y. Robert Li(Autor*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

Erschienen am 25. Februar 2015

504 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
List of Abbreviations
Unit I General Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction to Cardiovascular Diseases
1.1 Overview
1.2 Definition of Cardiovascular Diseases
1.3 Classification of Cardiovascular Diseases
1.3.1 Classification Based on Anatomical Location
1.3.2 Classification Based on the Involvement of Atherosclerosis
1.3.3 Total Cardiovascular Diseases and ICD-10 Classification
1.4 Prevalence, Incidence, and Trend of Cardiovascular Diseases
1.4.1 NCDs and Cardiovascular Diseases: The Global Status
1.4.2 The Status of Cardiovascular Diseases in the United States
1.4.3 The Status of Cardiovascular Diseases in China
1.5 Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
1.5.1 Classification of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
1.5.2 Major Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Their Impact
1.6 Prevention and Control of Cardiovascular Diseases
1.6.1 The UN High-Level Meeting and Tackling Cardiovascular Diseases at the Global Level
1.6.2 The World Heart Federation Call to Action to Prevent and Control Cardiovascular Diseases
1.6.3 The AHA 2010 Health Impact Goal, 2020 Health Impact Goal, and Ideal Cardiovascular Health
1.6.4 US DHSS "Million Hearts" Initiative
1.7 Cardiovascular Risk Prediction and Evidence-based Treatments
1.7.1 Cardiovascular Risk Prediction
1.7.2 Evidence-Based Treatments
1.8 Summary of Chapter Key Points
1.9 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 2 Introduction to Principles of Pharmacology
2.1 Overview
2.2 Definitions and History
2.2.1 What Is Pharmacology?
2.2.2 Definitions of Related Terms
2.2.3 A Brief History of Pharmacology
2.3 Pharmacological Paradigm: the Central Dogma in Pharmacology
2.3.1 Drug Names, Sources, Preparations, and Administration
2.3.2 Pharmacokinetics
2.3.3 Pharmacodynamics
2.3.4 Drug Toxicity
2.3.5 Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics
2.4 Principles of Drug Discovery, Development, and Regulation
2.4.1 Definitions
2.4.2 The Paradigm of Drug Creation and Survival
2.4.3 The FDA Drug Review and Approval Process
2.5 Pharmacology Subspecialties
2.6 Introduction to Cardiovascular Pharmacology
2.6.1 Definition and Scope
2.6.2 New Developments and Challenges
2.6.3 Systems Pharmacology in the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases
2.6.4 Polypill for the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases
2.6.5 Protein Therapeutics of Cardiovascular Diseases
2.6.6 Gene Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases
2.6.7 Stem Cell Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases
2.7 Summary of Chapter Key Points
2.8 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Unit II Dyslipidemias
Chapter 3 Overview of Dyslipidemias and Drug Therapy
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Lipoprotein Metabolism
3.2.1 Definition, Structure, and Classification of Lipoproteins
3.2.2 Metabolic Pathways of Lipoproteins and Drug Therapy
3.3 Dyslipidemias and Genetic Lipoprotein Disorders
3.3.1 Classification and Molecular Etiologies
3.3.2 The Four Types of Dyslipidemias and Their Underlying Genetic Lipoprotein Disorders
3.4 Mechanistically Based Drug Therapy of Dyslipidemias
3.5 Summary of Chapter Key Points
3.6 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 4 Drugs for Dyslipidemias
4.1 Overview
4.2 Statins
4.2.1 General Introduction to Drug Class
4.2.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
4.2.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
4.2.4 Clinical Uses
4.2.5 Therapeutic Dosages
4.2.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
4.2.7 Summary of Statin Drugs
4.3 Bile Acid Sequestrants
4.3.1 General Introduction to Drug Class
4.3.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
4.3.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
4.3.4 Clinical Uses
4.3.5 Therapeutic Dosages
4.3.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
4.3.7 Summary of Bile Acid Sequestrants
4.4 Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors
4.4.1 General Introduction to Drug Class
4.4.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
4.4.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
4.4.4 Clinical Uses
4.4.5 Therapeutic Dosages
4.4.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
4.4.7 Summary of Ezetimibe
4.5 Fibrates
4.5.1 General Introduction to Drug Class
4.5.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
4.5.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
4.5.4 Clinical Uses
4.5.5 Therapeutic Dosages
4.5.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
4.5.7 Summary of Fibrates
4.6 Niacin
4.6.1 General Introduction to Niacin
4.6.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
4.6.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
4.6.4 Clinical Uses
4.6.5 Therapeutic Dosages
4.6.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
4.6.7 Summary of Niacin
4.7 New Drugs for HoFH
4.7.1 Lomitapide
4.7.2 Mipomersen
4.7.3 Summary of New Drugs for HoFH
4.8 Phytosterols and Phytostanols
4.8.1 Introduction to Phytosterols and Phytostanols
4.8.2 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
4.8.3 Clinical Uses
4.8.4 Therapeutic Dosages
4.8.5 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
4.8.6 Summary of Phytosterols/Phytostanols
4.9 Omega-3 Fatty Acids
4.9.1 Introduction to Omega-3 Fatty Acids
4.9.2 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
4.9.3 Clinical Uses
4.9.4 Therapeutic Dosages
4.9.5 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
4.9.6 Summary of Omega-3 Fatty Acids
4.10 Emerging Therapeutic Modalities for Dyslipidemias
4.10.1 Emerging Therapeutic Strategies Targeting LDL
4.10.2 Novel Therapeutic Strategies Targeting HDL
4.10.3 Summary of Emerging Drugs
4.11 Summary of Chapter Key Points
4.12 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 5 Management of Dyslipidemias: Principles and Guidelines
5.1 Overview
5.2 General Principles of the Management of Dyslipidemias
5.2.1 Defining Dyslipidemias in the Context of Disease Management
5.2.2 Understanding Laboratory Lipid Profiles
5.2.3 Cardiovascular Risk Assessment
5.2.4 Treatment Goals
5.2.5 General Approaches to Management: Lifestyle Modifications and Drug Therapies
5.2.6 Management in Specific Clinical Settings
5.2.7 Treatment Monitoring and Adherence
5.3 Current Evidence-Based Guidelines on the Management of Dyslipidemias
5.3.1 Defining Clinical Guidelines in the Context of Dyslipidemia Management
5.3.2 Classification of Evidence-Based Guideline Recommendations and Strength of Evidence
5.3.3 Current Guidelines on the Management of Dyslipidemias
5.3.4 Comparison and Contrast of Current Lipid Guidelines
5.4 Summary of Chapter Key Points
5.5 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Unit III Hypertension and Multitasking Cardiovascular Drugs
Chapter 6 Overview of Hypertension and Drug Therapy
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Definitions, Classifications, and Epidemiology of Hypertension
6.2.1 Definitions and Classifications
6.2.2 Epidemiology and Health Impact of Hypertension
6.3 Pathophysiology of Hypertension
6.3.1 Physiology of Blood Pressure Regulation
6.3.2 Molecular Pathophysiology of Hypertension Development
6.4 Mechanistically Based Drug Therapy of Hypertension: An Overview
6.4.1 Historical Overview
6.4.2 Mechanistic Overview
6.5 Summary of Chapter Key Points
6.6 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 7 Diuretics
7.1 Overview
7.2 Volume Regulation and Drug Targeting
7.2.1 Renal Physiology and Volume Regulation
7.2.2 Drug Class and Drug Targeting
7.3 Thiazide and Thiazide-Type Diuretics
7.3.1 General Introduction to Drug Class
7.3.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
7.3.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
7.3.4 Clinical Uses
7.3.5 Therapeutic Dosages in Cardiovascular Applications
7.3.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
7.3.7 Summary of Thiazide and Thiazide-Type Diuretics
7.4 Loop Diuretics
7.4.1 General Introduction to Drug Class
7.4.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
7.4.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
7.4.4 Clinical Uses
7.4.5 Therapeutic Dosages in Heart Failure Treatment
7.4.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
7.4.7 Summary of Loop Diuretics
7.5 Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
7.5.1 General Introduction to Drug Class
7.5.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
7.5.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
7.5.4 Clinical Uses
7.5.5 Therapeutic Dosages
7.5.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
7.6 Other Diuretics
7.7 Summary of Chapter Key Points
7.8 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 8 Sympatholytics
8.1 Overview
8.2 Sympathetic Nervous System and Drug Targeting
8.2.1 Basic Divisions of the Nervous System
8.2.2 Sympathetic Nervous System and Cardiovascular Diseases
8.2.3 Drug Class and Drug Targeting
8.3 a-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
8.4 ß-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
8.4.1 General Introduction to Drug Class
8.4.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
8.4.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
8.4.4 Clinical Uses
8.4.5 Dosage Forms and Strengths
8.4.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
8.5 Centrally Acting Sympatholytics
8.6 Summary of Chapter Key Points
8.7 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 9 Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
9.1 Overview
9.2 The RAAS and Drug Targeting
9.2.1 History for Discovery of RAAS and Development of the RAAS Inhibitors
9.2.2 The RAAS
9.2.3 Drug Class and Drug Targeting
9.3 Direct Renin Inhibitors
9.3.1 General Introduction to Drug Class
9.3.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
9.3.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
9.3.4 Clinical Uses
9.3.5 Therapeutic Dosages
9.3.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
9.3.7 Summary of Aliskiren
9.4 Ace Inhibitors
9.4.1 General Introduction to Drug Class
9.4.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
9.4.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
9.4.4 Clinical Uses
9.4.5 Therapeutic Dosages
9.4.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
9.4.7 Summary of ACE Inhibitors
9.5 ARBs
9.5.1 General Introduction to Drug Class
9.5.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
9.5.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
9.5.4 Clinical Uses
9.5.5 Therapeutic Dosages
9.5.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
9.5.7 Summary of ARBs
9.6 Comparative Pharmacology of Direct Renin Inhibitors, ACE Inhibitors, and ARBs
9.6.1 Clinical Equivalence
9.6.2 Comparative Effectiveness Review
9.6.3 Future Research Needs
9.7 Summary of Chapter Key Points
9.8 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 10 Calcium Channel Blockers
10.1 Overview
10.2 Calcium Channels and Drug Targeting
10.2.1 Calcium Channels
10.2.2 Drug Class and Drug Targeting
10.3 L-TYPE CCBs
10.3.1 General Introduction to Drug Class
10.3.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
10.3.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
10.3.4 Clinical Uses
10.3.5 Therapeutic Dosages
10.3.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
10.4 Summary of Chapter Key Points
10.5 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 11 Nitrates and Other Vasodilators
11.1 Overview
11.2 Drug Class and Drug Targeting
11.2.1 Molecular Regulation of Vascular Tone
11.2.2 Drug Class
11.3 Organic Nitrates and Sodium Nitroprusside (Nitric Oxide-Releasing Vasodilators)
11.3.1 General Introduction to Drug Class
11.3.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
11.3.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
11.3.4 Clinical Uses
11.3.5 Therapeutic Dosages
11.3.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
11.4 ET Receptor Antagonists
11.4.1 General Introduction to ET and Drug Class
11.4.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
11.4.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
11.4.4 Clinical Uses
11.4.5 Therapeutic Dosages
11.4.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
11.5 Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors
11.5.1 General Introduction to Drug Class
11.5.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
11.5.3 Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
11.5.4 Clinical Uses
11.5.5 Therapeutic Dosages
11.5.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
11.6 sGC Stimulators
11.6.1 General Introduction to Drug Class
11.6.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
11.6.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
11.6.4 Clinical Uses
11.6.5 Therapeutic Dosages
11.6.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
11.7 K+ATP Channel Openers
11.7.1 General Introduction to Drug Class
11.7.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
11.7.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
11.7.4 Clinical Uses
11.7.5 Therapeutic Dosages
11.7.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
11.8 Other Vasodilators
11.8.1 Hydralazine
11.8.2 Fenoldopam
11.9 Summary of Chapter Key Points
11.10 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 12 Management of Hypertension: Principles and Guidelines
12.1 Overview
12.2 Introduction to Current Guidelines for the Management of Systemic Hypertension
12.2.1 The JNC Guidelines
12.2.2 The Guidelines from the AHA and Collaborating Organizations
12.2.3 The American Society of Hypertension/International Society of Hypertension 2014 Guideline
12.2.4 The CHEP Guidelines
12.2.5 The BHS Guidelines
12.2.6 The British NICE Guidelines
12.2.7 The ESH/ESC Guidelines
12.2.8 Summary
12.3 Key Recommendations of Major Guidelines for the Management of Systemic Hypertension
12.3.1 Key Recommendations of the JNC7 Guideline
12.3.2 Key Recommendations of the AHA 2007 Guideline
12.3.3 Key Points of the 2014 AHA/ACC/CDC Science Advisory
12.3.4 Key Recommendations of the JNC8 Report
12.4 Lifestyle Modifications for the Management of Systemic Hypertension
12.4.1 General Considerations
12.4.2 Recommendations
12.4.3 Mechanisms
12.5 Drug Therapy of Systemic Hypertension
12.5.1 General Considerations of Drug Therapy
12.5.2 Drug Therapy for Special Situations
12.6 Drug Therapy of Prehypertension
12.6.1 General Considerations
12.6.2 Management
12.7 Drug Therapy of Pulmonary Hypertension
12.7.1 Classifications and General Considerations
12.7.2 Management of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
12.8 Summary of Chapter Key Points
12.9 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Unit IV Ischemic Heart Disease: Stable Ischemic Heart Disease
Chapter 13 Overview of Ischemic Heart Disease, Stable Angina, and Drug Therapy
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Classification, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
13.2.1 Classification
13.2.2 Epidemiology
13.2.3 Pathophysiology
13.3 Stable Angina and Drug Targeting
13.3.1 Definition and Classification
13.3.2 Pathophysiology and Drug Targeting
13.4 Summary of Chapter Key Points
13.5 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 14 Drugs for Stable Angina
14.1 Overview
14.2 ß-Blockers FOR Treating Stable Angina
14.3 CCBs for Treating Stable Angina
14.4 Organic Nitrate for Treating Stable Angina
14.5 New Antianginal Drugs: Ranolazine
14.5.1 Introduction
14.5.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
14.5.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
14.5.4 Clinical Uses
14.5.5 Therapeutic Dosages
14.5.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
14.6 Other New and Emerging Drugs
14.6.1 Inhibitors of Fatty Acid Oxidation
14.6.2 K+ATP Channel Activators
14.6.3 Inhibitors of Sinus Node Pacemaker Current
14.6.4 Emerging Antianginal Drugs and Stem Cell Therapy
14.7 Summary of Chapter Key Points
14.8 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 15 Management of Stable Angina/Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: Principles and Guidelines
15.1 Overview
15.2 Introduction to Current Guidelines on Management of Stable Angina/SIHD
15.2.1 Guidelines from the AHA and Its Collaborative Organizations
15.2.2 The ESC Guidelines
15.2.3 The 2011 NICE Guideline
15.3 General Principles of Management of Stable Angina/SIHD
15.3.1 Defining Treatment Objectives
15.3.2 Identifying Strategies to Attain the Treatment Objectives
15.4 Current Guideline Recommendations on Stable Angina/SIHD Management
15.4.1 Drug Therapy to Relieve Symptoms
15.4.2 Drug Therapy to Prevent Myocardial Infarction and Mortality
15.4.3 Revascularization
15.5 Management of Special Types of Stable Angina
15.5.1 Microvascular Angina
15.5.2 Vasospastic Angina
15.5.3 Refractory Stable Angina
15.6 Summary of Chapter Key Points
15.7 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Unit V Ischemic Heart Disease: Acute Coronary Syndromes
Chapter 16 Overview of Acute Coronary Syndromes and Drug Therapy
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Definitions and General Considerations
16.2.1 Definitions
16.2.2 Historical Overview
16.2.3 Global Burden
16.3 Pathophysiology and Drug Targeting
16.3.1 Historical Overview
16.3.2 Molecular Pathophysiology
16.3.3 Drug Targeting
16.4 Summary of Chapter Key Points
16.5 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 17 Anticoagulants, Platelet Inhibitors, and Thrombolytic Agents
17.1 Overview
17.2 Hemostasis
17.2.1 Definitions
17.2.2 Physiology
17.2.3 Disorders of Hemostasis and Drug Therapy
17.3 Anticoagulants
17.3.1 Vitamin K Antagonists
17.3.2 Heparins
17.3.3 SFXa Inhibitors
17.3.4 Direct Thrombin (Factor IIa) Inhibitors
17.4 Platelet Inhibitors
17.4.1 COX Inhibitors
17.4.2 P2Y12 ADP-Receptor Antagonists
17.4.3 Thrombin Receptor Antagonists
17.4.4 Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Antagonists
17.4.5 Other Platelet Inhibitors
17.5 Thrombolytic Agents
17.5.1 General Introduction to Drug Class
17.5.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
17.5.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
17.5.4 Clinical Uses
17.5.5 Therapeutic Dosages
17.5.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
17.6 Summary of Chapter Key Points
17.7 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 18 Management of Unstable Angina and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Principles and Guidelines
18.1 Overview
18.2 Introduction to Evidence-Based Guidelines
18.2.1 The ACC/AHA 2007 Guideline and Its Focused Updates in 2011 and 2012
18.2.2 The ESC 2011 Guideline
18.2.3 Major New Changes of the ACCF/AHA 2011/2012 Focused Updates and the ESC 2011 Guideline
18.2.4 The NICE 2010 Guideline
18.2.5 Other Guidelines
18.3 General Principles of Management of UA/NSTEMI
18.4 Guideline-Based Recommendations on the Management of UA/NSTEMI
18.4.1 Anti-ischemic and Analgesic Therapy
18.4.2 Antiplatelet Therapy
18.4.3 Anticoagulant Therapy
18.4.4 Additional Considerations on Antithrombotic (Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant) Therapy
18.4.5 Coronary Revascularization
18.4.6 Recommendations for Special Patient Groups
18.4.7 Long-Term Management
18.5 Summary of Chapter Key Points
18.6 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 19 Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Principles and Guidelines
19.1 Overview
19.2 Definition and Epidemiology
19.3 Introduction to Recent Guidelines on the Management of STEMI
19.3.1 The ACCF/AHA Guidelines
19.3.2 Other Guidelines
19.4 Principles and Guideline Recommendations for the Management of STEMI
19.4.1 General Principles
19.4.2 The 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline Recommendations
19.5 Summary of Chapter Key Points
19.6 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Unit VI Heart Failure
Chapter 20 Overview of Heart Failure and Drug Therapy
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Definition, Classification, and Epidemiology
20.2.1 Definition
20.2.2 Classification
20.2.3 Epidemiology
20.3 Pathophysiology and Drug Targeting
20.3.1 Pathophysiology of HF-REF and Drug Targeting
20.3.2 Pathophysiology of HF-PEF and Drug Targeting
20.4 Summary of Chapter Key Points
20.5 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 21 Drugs for Heart Failure
21.1 Overview
21.2 Diuretics for Heart Failure
21.3 ß-Blockers for HF
21.4 Inhibitors of the RAAS for HF
21.4.1 ACEIs
21.4.2 ARBs
21.4.3 Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists
21.4.4 Direct Renin Inhibitors
21.5 Vasodilators for HF
21.5.1 Vasodilators in Acute HF
21.5.2 Vasodilators in Chronic HF
21.6 Positive Inotropic Agents for HF
21.6.1 Introduction
21.6.2 Digitalis (Digoxin)
21.6.3 Dobutamine and Dopamine
21.6.4 PDE3 Inhibitors
21.6.5 Calcium-Sensitizing Agents
21.7 Emerging Drugs for HF
21.8 Summary of Chapter Key Points
21.9 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 22 Management of Heart Failure: Principles and Guidelines
22.1 Overview
22.2 Management of Hf-REF
22.2.1 Introduction to Current Guidelines on the Management of HF-REF
22.2.2 The 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline Recommendations for Treatment of HF Stages A to D
22.3 Management of HF-PEF
22.3.1 General Considerations
22.3.2 Guideline Recommendations
22.4 Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes
22.4.1 Definition and Precipitating Factors
22.4.2 Principles of Management
22.4.3 Guideline Recommendations
22.5 Summary of Chapter Key Points
22.6 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Unit VII Cardiac Arrhythmias
Chapter 23 Overview of Cardiac Arrhythmias and Drug Therapy
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Definition, Classification, and Epidemiology
23.2.1 Definition and General Considerations
23.2.2 The ICD-10 Classification
23.2.3 Conventional Classification
23.2.4 Epidemiology
23.3 Pathophysiology and Drug Targeting
23.3.1 Pathophysiology
23.3.2 Drug Targeting
23.4 Summary of Chapter Key Points
23.5 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 24 Drugs for Cardiac Arrhythmias
24.1 Overview
24.2 Classification of Antiarrhythmic Drugs
24.3 Class I Antiarrhythmic Drugs
24.3.1 General Aspects of Class I Drugs
24.3.2 Specific Class IA Drugs
24.3.3 Specific Class IB Drugs
24.3.4 Specific Class IC Drugs
24.4 Class II Antiarrhythmic Drugs
24.4.1 General Aspects
24.4.2 ß-Blockers Commonly Used for Treating Arrhythmias
24.5 Class III Antiarrhythmic Drugs
24.5.1 General Aspects
24.5.2 Specific Class III Drugs
24.6 Class IV Antiarrhythmic Drugs
24.6.1 General Aspects
24.6.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics
24.6.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects
24.6.4 Clinical Uses and Therapeutic Dosages
24.6.5 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions
24.7 Other Antiarrhythmic Drugs
24.7.1 Adenosine
24.7.2 Magnesium
24.7.3 Vernakalant
24.8 Summary of Chapter Key Points
24.9 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 25 Management of Cardiac Arrhythmias: Principles and Guidelines
25.1 Overview
25.2 General Principles of Management
25.3 Management of Supraventricular Arrhythmias
25.3.1 Guidelines on Supraventricular Arrhythmias Excluding AF
25.3.2 Current Guidelines on the Management of AF
25.4 Management of Ventricular Arrhythmias
25.4.1 General Considerations
25.4.2 General Principles of Management of Ventricular Arrhythmias
25.4.3 Guideline Recommendations for the Management of Ventricular Arrhythmias
25.5 Summary of Chapter Key Points
25.6 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Unit VIII Ischemic Stroke
Chapter 26 Overview of Ischemic Stroke and Drug Therapy
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Definition and Classification of Cerebrovascular Diseases
26.2.1 Definition of Cerebrovascular Diseases
26.2.2 The ICD-10 Classification of Cerebrovascular Diseases
26.3 Definition and Classification of Stroke
26.4 Epidemiology of Stroke
26.5 Risk Factors of Stroke
26.6 Pathophysiology of Ischemic Stroke and Drug Targeting
26.6.1 Pathophysiology of Ischemic Stroke
26.6.2 Drug Targeting in Ischemic Stroke
26.7 Summary of Chapter Key Points
26.8 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 27 Drugs for Ischemic Stroke
27.1 Overview
27.2 Drugs for Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke
27.2.1 Treatment of Hypertension
27.2.2 Treatment of Dyslipidemias with Statins
27.2.3 Treatment of Comoribund Conditions of Diabetics: Antihypertensives and Statins
27.2.4 Treatment of AF with Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
27.3 Drugs for Early Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke
27.3.1 Thrombolytic Drugs
27.3.2 Antiplatelet Agents
27.3.3 Anticoagulants
27.4 Drugs for Neuroprotection
27.4.1 Definition of Neuroprotection
27.4.2 Edaravone
27.4.3 Citicoline
27.4.4 Statins
27.5 Drugs for Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke
27.5.1 Drugs for General Risk Factor Reduction
27.5.2 Drugs for Patients with Cardiogenic Embolism
27.5.3 Antithrombotic Therapy for Noncardioembolic Stroke (Specifically Atherosclerotic, Lacunar, or Cryptogenic Infarcts) and TIA
27.6 Stem Cell Therapy for Neurorepair
27.7 Summary of Chapter Key Points
27.8 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Chapter 28 Management of Ischemic Stroke: Principles and Guidelines
28.1 Overview
28.2 Introduction to Stroke Systems of Care
28.3 Current AHA/ASA Guidelines on Early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke
28.3.1 General Principles of Early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke
28.3.2 Current AHA/ASA Guidelines on Early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke
28.4 Summary of Chapter Key Points
28.5 Self-Assessment Questions
References
Index
Supplemental Images
EULA

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