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The new edition of the definitive academic companion to Tolkien's life and literature
A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien provides readers with an in-depth examination of the author's life and works, covering Tolkien's fiction and mythology, his academic writing, and his continuing impact on contemporary literature and culture. Presenting forty-one essays by a panel of leading scholars, the Companion analyzes prevailing themes found in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, posthumous publications such as The Silmarillion and The Fall of Arthur, lesser-known fiction and poetry, literary essays, and more.
This second edition of the Companion remains the most complete and up-to-date resource of its kind, encompassing new Tolkien publications, original scholarship, The Hobbit film adaptations, and the biographical drama Tolkien. Five entirely new essays discuss the history of fantasy literature, the influence of classical mythology on Tolkien, folklore and fairytales, diversity, and Tolkien fandom. This Companion also:
A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien, Second Edition is essential reading for anyone formally studying or teaching Tolkien in academic settings, and an invaluable resource for general readers with interest in Tolkien's works or fans of the films wanting to discover more.
Dr Stuart Lee is a senior member of the Faculty of English at the University of Oxford. He is a teacher and researcher in the areas of Fantasy Literature, War Poetry, Old English, and Digital Humanities. He has published extensively on all of these and most recently edited the 4-volume Critical Assessments of Major Writers: J. R. R. Tolkien for Routledge (2017), and The Keys of Middle-earth (2nd edition) with Elizabeth Solopova. He has led many major Digital Humanities research projects since 1996, most notably a series of digital crowd-sourcing initiatives across Europe, and The First World War Poetry Digital Archive. He is also the Deputy Chief Information Officer at Oxford and a joint Trustee of the Wilfred Owen Estate.
Acknowledgments ix
Notes on Contributors xi
Editorial Practices and Abbreviations xviii
Bibliography xix
Abbreviations xx
Brief Chronology of the Life and Works of J.R.R. Tolkien xxii
Introduction to the Second Edition xxxiv
Part I: Life 1
1 A Brief Biography 3John Garth
Part II: The Academic 19
2 Academic Writings 21Thomas Honegger
3 Tolkien as Editor 34Tom Shippey
4 Manuscripts: Use and Using 48Stuart D. Lee
Part III: The Legendarium 65
5 Myth-making, Sub-creation, and World-building 67Carl Phelpstead
6 Middle-earth Mythology: An Overview 79Leslie A. Donovan
7 The Silmarillion: Tolkien's Theory of Myth, Text, and Culture 93Gergely Nagy
8 The Hobbit: A Turning Point 104John D. Rateliff
9 The Lord of the Rings 116John R. Holmes
10 Unfinished Tales and the History of Middle-earth: A Lifetime of Imagination 127Elizabeth A. Whittingham
11 "The Lost Road" and "The Notion Club Papers": Myth, History, and Time-travel 140Verlyn Flieger
12 Poetry 152Corey Olsen
13 "Minor" Works 166Maria Artamonova
14 Invented Languages and Writing Systems 177Arden R. Smith
Part IV: Context 189
15 Fantasy: An Introduction 191Edward James
16 Classical Literature 203Hamish Williams
17 "On Fairy-stories" and Folktale Research 214Juliette Wood
18 Old English 224Mark Atherton
19 Middle English 235Elizabeth Solopova
20 Old Norse 247Tom Birkett
21 Finnish: The Land and Language of Heroes 260Leena Kahlas-Tarkka
22 Celtic: "Celtic Things" and "Things Celtic" - Identity, Language, and Mythology 271J. S. Lyman-Thomas
23 The English Literary Tradition: Shakespeare to the Gothic 283Nick Groom
24 Earlier Fantasy Fiction: Morris, Dunsany, and Lindsay 297Rachel Falconer
25 The Inklings and Others: Tolkien and His Contemporaries 309David Bratman
26 Later Fantasy Fiction: Tolkien's Legacy 324Dimitra Fimi
27 Periodizing Tolkien: The Romantic Modern 337Anna Vaninskaya
Part V: Critical Approaches 353
28 The Critical Response to Tolkien's Fiction 355Patrick Curry
29 Style and Intertextual Echoes 374Allan Turner
30 The Hero's Journey 386Anna Caughey
31 Evil 399Christopher Garbowski
32 Nature 410Liam Campbell
33 Religion: An Implicit Catholicism 424Pat Pinsent
34 War 437Janet Brennan Croft
35 Women 448Adam Roberts
36 Difference and Otherness 460Christopher Vaccaro
37 Art 472Christopher Tuthill
38 Music 485Bradford Lee Eden
39 Film Adaptations: Theatrical and Television Versions 497Kristin Thompson
40 Games: Playable Arda 511Péter Kristóf Makai
41 Fandom 525Cait Coker General Bibliography 535
Index 544
Maria Artamonova, D.Phil. (Oxon.) has taught Old and Middle English as well as courses on Tolkien at Oxford University's Department of Continuing Education and a number of summer schools. Her publications include "Writing for an Anglo-Saxon Audience in the Twentieth Century: J.R.R. Tolkien's Old English Chronicles," in Anglo-Saxon Culture and the Modern Imagination (2010), "Edith Tolkien in the Eye of the Beholder," in Thanks for Typing: Remembering Forgotten Women in History (2021). She has also contributed to translations of Tolkien's works and Tolkien criticism into Russian.
Mark Atherton is Senior College Lecturer in English language and literature at Regent's Park College, University of Oxford. He is the author of There and Back Again: J.R.R. Tolkien and the Origins of The Hobbit (2012) and has published on Hildegard of Bingen, philology and the study of language in the nineteenth century, and early medieval English history and literature. His recent publications include Complete Old English (2019) and The Battle of Maldon: War and Peace in Tenth-Century England (2021).
Tom Birkett is the Lecturer in Old English at University College Cork (UCC), where he coordinates the Medieval and Renaissance MA. He specializes in the reception of Old English and Old Norse literature and is the author of Reading the Runes (Routledge) and editor of the collections Translating Early Medieval Poetry and The Vikings Reimagined. His retelling of Norse myth and legend was recently published as The Norse Myths by Quercus.
David Bratman is coeditor of Tolkien Studies: An Annual Scholarly Review and edited The Masques of Amen House by Charles Williams. His articles include studies of Tolkien, the Inklings, Mervyn Peake, and Neil Gaiman. Formerly a librarian at Stanford University, he works as a classical music critic.
Liam Campbell is an independent writer and scholar from Northern Ireland who has lectured in English literature for the University of Ulster. He is the author of The Ecological Augury in the Works of J. R. R. Tolkien (2011) and has published previously on Tolkien and environmentalism, as well as given many talks across Europe and America on Tolkien, ecocriticism, and contemporary literature.
Anna Caughey D.Phil. (Oxon.) has taught Old and Middle English at Keble College and Harris Manchester College, Oxford, in addition to working on a variety of outreach and digital projects at the University of Oxford. Her research interests focus on masculinity, conflict, and ethical conduct in both medieval and contemporary medievalist literature. Her most recently published articles are on children and adolescents as readers of late medieval advisory writing and representations of gender and sexuality in late medieval Scottish romance.
Cait Coker is Associate Professor and Curator of Rare Books and Manuscripts at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Her research focuses on the intersections of genre history, women's writing, and the history of women in publishing. She is Coeditor of the Women in Book History Bibliography, a senior bibliographer for the Science Fiction Research Index, and has published articles in The Seventeenth Century, Transformative Works and Cultures, and the Journal of Fandom Studies. Most recently, she has edited the volume The Global Vampire: Essays on the Undead in Popular Culture Around the World (McFarland, 2020).
Janet Brennan Croft is Associate University Librarian for Content Discovery at the University of Northern Iowa. She is the author of War and the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien (2004; Mythopoeic Award for Inklings Studies). She has also written on the Peter Jackson films, Terry Pratchett, Lois McMaster Bujold, and other topics, and is editor or coeditor of many collections of literary essays, including Tolkien on Film (2004), Tolkien and Shakespeare (2007), Baptism of Fire (2015), Perilous and Fair (2015), and 'Something Has Gone Crack': New Perspectives on Tolkien in WWI (2019). She edits the scholarly journal Mythlore.
Patrick Curry is a writer and scholar living in London. He is the author of several books, including Deep Roots in a Time of Frost: Essays on Tolkien (2014), Ecological Ethics, rev. 2nd edn. (2017) and Enchantment (2019), as well as many papers on Tolkien. He has been a Lecturer at Bath Spa University and the University of Kent.
Leslie A. Donovan is a professor in the Honors College at the University of New Mexico, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. She is author of "The Valkyrie Reflex in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings," editor of Approaches to Teaching Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and Other Works (MLA 2015), and coeditor of Perilous and Fair: Women in the Works and Life of J.R.R. Tolkien (with Janet Brennan Croft, Mythopoeic Press, 2015).
Bradford Lee Eden is Director of Scholarly Connections at Drexel University. He has a master's and PhD in musicology and an MS in library science. He publishes in the areas of librarianship, medieval music and liturgy, and J.R.R. Tolkien. His most recent books are Middle-earth Minstrel: Essays on Music in Tolkien (2010) and The Hobbit and Tolkien's Mythology: Essays on Revisions and Influences (2014). He is also the editor of The Journal of Tolkien Research.
Rachel Falconer is Professor of Modern English Literature at the University of Lausanne. Her publications include Orpheus Dis(re)membered: Milton and the Myth of the Poet-Hero (Continuum, 1996), Hell in Contemporary Literature (Edinburgh UP, 2005), The Crossover Novel: Contemporary Children's Fiction and Its Adult Readership (Routledge, 2009), and as contributing editor, Kathleen Jamie: Essays and Poems on Her Work (EUP 2014); with Adlam, Makhlin, and Renfrew, Face to Face: Bakhtin Studies in Russia and the West (Continuum, 1997); with Karin Littau, Invention: Literature and Science (EUP, 2005); with Andrew Oliver, Re-reading/La relecture: Essays in Honour of Graham Falconer (Cambridge Scholars, 2012); with Denis Renevey, Medieval and Early Modern Literature, Science and Medicine (Gunter Narr, 2013), with Madeleine Scherer, A Quest for Remembrance: The Underworld in Classical and Modern Literature (Routledge, 2020). She is currently finishing a monograph entitled Seamus Heaney, Virgil and the Good of Poetry (EUP, forthcoming 2021).
Dimitra Fimi is Senior Lecturer in Fantasy and Children's Literature and Co-Director of the Centre for Fantasy and the Fantastic at the University of Glasgow. She has published two award-winning monographs on J.R.R. Tolkien and on Celtic-inspired children's fantasy, and she has coedited original manuscripts by Tolkien on linguistic invention (A Secret Vice: Tolkien on Invented Languages, HarperCollins, 2016). She has also published on world-building, medievalism, children's literature, and adaptation. She sits on the editorial boards of the Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts and the Journal of Tolkien Research, and she often contributes to TV and radio programs on fantasy. Many of her published essays and articles are available open access via her website: http://dimitrafimi.com/.
Verlyn Flieger is Professor Emerita in the Department of English at the University of Maryland, where for 36 years she taught courses in Tolkien, Medieval Literature, and Comparative Mythology. She is the author of five critical books on the work of J.R.R. Tolkien: Splintered Light: Logos and Language in Tolkien's World; A Question of Time; Interrupted Music; Green Suns and Faërie: Essays on J.R.R. Tolkien; and There Would Always Be a Fairy Tale: More Essays on Tolkien. She edited the extended edition of Tolkien's Smith of Wootton Major. With Carl Hostetter she edited Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth, and with Douglas A. Anderson she edited the expanded edition of "On Fairy-Stories." She is a coeditor of the yearly journal Tolkien Studies. She has also published two fantasy novels, Pig Tale and The Inn at Corbies' Caww, an Arthurian novella, Avilion, and the short stories "Green Hill Country" and "Igraine at Tintagel."
Christopher Garbowski is an Associate Professor at the Department of English at Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Poland. He is the author of several books, including Recovery and Transcendence for the Contemporary Mythmaker: The Spiritual Dimension in the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien (2000) and Spiritual Values in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings (2005). His most recent book is Cinematic Echoes of Covenants Past and Present: National Identity in the Historical Films of Steven Spielberg and Andrzej Wajda (2018).
John Garth's Tolkien and the Great War (2003) won the Mythopoeic Scholarship Award; his second book, Tolkien at Exeter College (2014), was a nominee. His latest, The Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien (2020), continues his ongoing study of the roots and routes of Tolkien's creativity. A winner of the Tolkien Society's Outstanding Contribution Award, Garth read English at St. Anne's College, Oxford, worked for many years for the London Evening...
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