Transient Global Amnesia

History of TGA.- Beginnings: Fisher and Adams' first accounts of TGA.- "Prehistory" of TGA.- After Fisher and Adams.- A note on nomenclature.- A note on methodology.- Summary and recommendations.- References .- Clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and possible variants of TGA.- Clinical features of TGA.- TGA archetype.- Accompanying neurological symptoms.- Time of onset: diurnal.- Attack duration.- Prognosis, recurrence.- Diagnostic criteria of TGA.- Essential features and inclusion/exclusion boundaries.- Hodges and Warlow's diagnostic criteria.- TGA subtypes?.- Possible variant forms of TG.- Transient topographical amnesia (TTA).- Transient partial verbal amnesia (TPVA).- Transient semantic amnesia.- Transient procedural amnesia.- Transient retrograde amnesia.- Summary and recommendations .- References.- Differential diagnosis of TGA.- Transient ischaemic attack (TIA).- Other forms of cerebrovascular disease.- Other vascular pathologies, including angiography.- Cardiac disorders.- Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA).- Interrelation of TGA and TEA.- Transient psychological amnesia (TPA).- Other symptomatic causes of transient amnesia.- Migraine.- Adverse drug effect.- Hypoglycaemia.- Traumatic brain (closed head) injury.- Alcohol-induced amnesia; Korsakoff syndrome.- Fatigue amnesia.- Other causes of acute cerebral disorder.- Acute confusional state/delirium/toxic-metabolic encephalopathy.- Cerebral haemorrhage.- Acute brain infection (encephalitis).- Summary and recommendations.- References.- Investigation and management of TGA.- Neuropsychology.- Neuropsychological deficits during TGA: memory.- "Working memory".- Anterograde memory.- Retrograde memory.- Semantic memory.- Implicit memory.- Spatial memory.- Neuropsychological deficits during TGA: other, non-memory, cognitive domains.- Language.- Visuoperceptual, visuospatial skills.- Executive function.- Neuropsychological deficits after TGA.- Neuroimaging: structural and functional.- Structural neuroimaging.- Computed tomography (CT).- Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.- Functional neuroimaging.- Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).- Positron emission tomography (PET).- Functional MRI (fMRI) .- MR spectroscopy (MRS).- CT perfusion (CTP) imaging.- Neurophysiology Electroencephalography (EEG).- EEG during TGA.- Magnetoencephalography (MEG).- Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).- Other investigations.- Blood tests.- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).- Sonography.- Arterial.- Venous; internal jugular vein valve incompetence.- Management.- Driving.- Summary and recommendation.- References.- Prognosis of TGA.- Recovery and persisting cognitive deficit.- Recurrence.- Annual recurrence rate.- Recurrent TG.- Future risk.- Cognitive decline: dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).- Cognitive decline: progressive aphasia.- Stroke.- Epilepsy.- Summary and recommendations.- References .- Epidemiology of TGA (1): Possible predisposing factors.- Incidence .- Time of onset: seasonal.- Place of onset: geographical distribution.- Patient age.- Patient gender.- Patient ethnicity.- Patient social class.- Family history of TGA.- Migraine.- Patient personality traits and psychological factors.- Vascular risk factors and stroke.- Structural brain lesions, including brain tumours.- Brain infections.- Summary and recommendations.- References.- Epidemiology of TGA (2): Possible precipitating factors.- Emotional stress.- Physical effort.- Water contact or temperature change.- Sexual activity.- Pain.- Medical procedures.- Other possible precipitating factors.- Summary and recommendations .- References.- Aetiopathogenesis of TGA.- Cerebrovascular changes.- Arterial.- Venous.- Epilepsy.- Migraine.- Genetics.- Psychiatry.- Formulation: neural network models and hypothesis.- The future?.- Summary.- References.- Index.