The Role of the Judiciary in Environmental Governance

Name: The Role of the Judiciary in Environmental Governance | Comparative Perspectives
Brand: Kluwer Law International
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Comparative Perspectives

Louis J. Kotzé A. Paterson(Herausgeber*in)

Kluwer Law International (Verlag)

Erschienen am 17. April 2009

640 Seiten

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978-90-411-4447-8 (ISBN)

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Beschreibung

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Inhalt

Intro
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Author Biographies
Chapter 1: The Netherlands
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Issues and Environmental Governance Structures
2.1 Environmental Issues
2.2 Principal Environmental Laws
2.3 Institutions and Governance Structures
3 Overview of the Court System
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Procedures before Administrative Courts
3.2.1 The Abolishment of the actio popularis: From 'Anyone' to 'Interested Parties'
3.2.2 Procedures against Environmental Permit Decisions since 2005
3.3 Procedures before Civil Courts
3.4 Procedures before Criminal Courts
3.5 Non-judicial Procedures
4 Significance of the Judiciary: Some Empirical Data
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Decline in Environmental and Planning Cases
4.3 Number of Cases Brought by NGOs and other Parties
4.4 Civil Law Cases
4.5 Number of Cases Won and Lost by NGOs and Local Citizen Groups
5 Analysis of Significant Environmental Judgments
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Administrative Law Case on EU Habitats Directive
5.3 Civil Law Case on EU Nitrates Directive
6 Critical Survey
7 The Way Forward
Bibliography
Table of Legislation
Table of Cases
Abbreviations
Chapter 2: Belgium
1 Introduction
1.1 The Transformation of Belgium into a Federal State
1.2 Federal Government
1.3 Regions and Communities
2 Environmental Issues and Performance
3 Environmental Law Framework
3.1 Significant Impact of European Environmental Law
3.2 Constitutional Provisions
3.3 Federal Environmental Legislation
3.4 Regional Environmental Legislation
3.5 Legislation through Cooperation Agreements
4 The Court System
4.1 The Constitutional Court
4.2 The Ordinary Courts
4.3 The Administrative Courts
5 Environmental Jurisdiction
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Constitutional Jurisdiction
5.2.1 Clarification of the Division of Powers
5.2.2 Environmental Protection, Property Rights and Freedom of Enterprise
5.2.3 Constitutional Right to a Healthy Environment
5.2.4 Right of Respect for Private and Family Life
5.3 Access to Courts
5.3.1 Ordinary Courts
5.3.2 Council of State
5.4 Penal Enforcement
6 The Way Forward
Bibliography
Table of Legislation
Table of Cases
Table of International Instruments
Abbreviations
Chapter 3: Germany
1 Introduction
2 Principal Environmental Laws
3 Institutional and Governance Structures
4 Overview over the Judiciary
5 Access to the Judiciary in Environmental Matters
5.1 Standing of Individuals
5.1.1 The Basic Rights-Oriented Standing Concept
5.1.2 Third Party Standing
5.1.3 Standing in Special Areas of Environmental Protection
5.2 Standing of Associations and Municipalities
5.2.1 The Principle of Inadmissibility of Collective Suits
5.2.2 Statutory Association Standing
5.2.3 Standing of Local Governments
5.3 Grounds, Scope and Depth of Judicial Review
5.3.1 Grounds for Judicial Review
5.3.2 Scope of Judicial Review: The Impact of the Protective Law Theory
5.3.3 Depth of Judicial Review
5.4 Interim Judicial Protection
6 The Wealth of Case Law: Some Illustrative Judicial Decisions
7 Judicial Contribution to Environmental Governance
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Shortcomings of the Rights-Based Approach
7.1.2 Broadening the Judicial Perspective
7.2 Contribution to the Interpretation and Development of Environmental Law
7.2.1 Law Making Role of the Courts
7.2.2 Controlling National Implementation of EU Directives
7.2.3 Controlling the Functioning of the Administration and Beyond
7.2.4 Fast-Tracking Court Proceedings and Judicial Protection
8 Future Perspectives
Bibliography
Table of Legislation
Table of Cases
Table of International Instruments
Abbreviations
Chapter 4: United Kingdom
1 Introduction
1.1 Environmental Issues
1.2 Principal Environmental Laws
1.2.1 Pollution Control
1.2.2 Nature, Habitat and Landscape Conservation
1.2.3 Contextual Provisions
1.3 Institutions and Governance Structures
1.3.1 Policy Matters
1.3.2 Operational Matters
2 Overview of the Court System
2.1 Historical Development of the Judiciary
2.2 Court Structure and Hierarchy
3 Analysis of Significant Environmental Judgments
3.1 Private Law (Law of Torts)
3.2 Judicial Review
3.3 Statutory Interpretation
3.4 Human Rights Act Cases
4 Critical Survey
5 The Way Forward
5.1 Key Challenges
5.2 Key Opportunities
Bibliography
Table of Legislation
Table of Cases
Table of Interational Instruments
Abbreviations
Chapter 5: United States of America
1 Introduction
2 Main Environmental Issues and Laws
3 Overview of the USA Judiciary
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Courts and Environmental Issues (General Observations)
3.3 Legal Foundations for Judicial Decisions
3.4 Administrative Law and Judicial Review
4 Analysis of Significant Environmental Judgments
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Burdens of Proof: Observing the Land Ethic
4.3 'Technology Forcing': Reversing Degrading Practices
4.4 Safeguarding the Natural Integrity of Wild Forests
4.5 Critical Survey
5 The Way Forward
Bibliography
Table of Legislation
Table of Cases
Table of International Instruments
Abbreviations
Chapter 6: Canada
1 Introduction
1.1 Environmental Issues
1.2 Role of Courts
1.3 Principal Environmental Laws
1.4 Institutions and Governance Structures
2 Overview of the Court System
2.1 Historical Development of the Judiciary
2.2 Court Structure and Hierarchy of Courts
2.3 Applicable Law
3 Analysis of Significant Environmental Judgments
4 Critical Survey
4.1 Fundamental Environmental Values
4.2 Federalism and the Environment
4.3 Strengthening Environmental Legislation
4.4 Procedural Innovations to Facilitate Environmental Litigation
4.5 Reconciling Environmental and Aboriginal Rights
4.6 Creative Environmental Sentencing
4.7 Missed Opportunities: Toxic Torts
5 Conclusion: Next Steps, Key Challenges and Key Opportunities
Bibliography
Table of Legislation
Table of Cases
Abbreviations
Chapter 7: Brazil
1 Introduction
2 Main Environmental Issues
3 Principal Environmental Laws
4 Constitutionalization of Environmental Protection in Brazil
5 Structure and Main Functions of Brazilian Courts
6 Analysis of Significant Environmental Judgments
6.1 Property Right Limitations and Private Agents' Environmental Protection Duty
6.2 Cruelty to Animals
6.3 Environmental Sanitation: The Constitutional Warranty of a Minimum Standard of Environmental Quality and the State's Protective Duty
7 Critical Evaluation
Bibliography
Table of Legislation
Table of Cases
Table of International Instruments
Abbreviations
Chapter 8: Argentina
1 Introduction
2 Main Environmental Issues
3 Environmental Institutions and Governance Structures
4 Principal Environmental Laws
5 The Judicial System in Argentina
6 Analysis of Significant Environmental Judgments
6.1 Inferior Courts
6.2 Supreme Court
7 Critical Evaluation and Way Forward
Bibliography
Table of Legislation
Table of Cases
Table of Treaties and International Instruments
Abbreviations
Chapter 9: Paraguay
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Issues
2.1 Location and Size
2.2 Population
2.3 Economy
2.4 Main Environmental Issues
3 Principal Environmental Laws
3.1 Constitutional Provisions
3.2 Regional Cooperation and Instruments
3.3 Environmental Impact Assessment
3.4 Agriculture
3.5 General Provisions
4 Institutions and Governance Structures
4.1 Institutional Framework Established by the Constitution
4.2 Environmental Governance Institutions
5 Overview of the Court System
6 Procedures Giving Rise to Frequent Litigation
7 Criminal Prosecution
8 Significant Court Judgments of Environmental Relevance
9 Critical Survey
10 The Way Forward
Bibliography
Table of Legislation
Table of Cases
Table of Regional and International Instruments
Abbreviations
Chapter 10: Australia
1 Introduction
1.1 Environmental Issues
1.2 Principal Environmental Laws
1.3 Institutions and Governance Structures
2 The Court System
2.1 Historical Development of the Judiciary
2.2 Court Structure and Hierarchy of Courts
2.2.1 Federal Courts and Tribunals
2.2.2 State Courts and Tribunals
3 Significant Court Judgments of Environmental Relevance
3.1 Establishing the Limits of the Common Law
3.2 Establishing the Extent of National Responsibility for Environmental Governance
3.3 Interpretation of Environmental and other Legislation
3.4 Public Participation and Enforcement
4 Critical Survey
5 The Way Forward
5.1 Key Challenges
5.2 Key Opportunities
Bibliography
Table of Legislation
Table of Cases
Abbreviations
Chapter 11: New Zealand
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Issues
3 Principal Environmental Laws
3.1 Resource Management Act 1991
3.2 Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act 2000
3.3 Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996
3.4 Fisheries Act 1996
3.5 Crown Minerals Act 1991
3.6 Forests Act 1949
3.7 Environment Act 1986
3.8 Conservation Act 1987
4 Institutions and Governance Structures
4.1 Central Government
4.2 Local Government
5 The Courts
5.1 History of the Courts
5.2 Hierarchy of the Courts
5.3 Environment Court
6 Judgments of Environmental Relevance
7 Critical Survey and Future Perspectives
Bibliography
Table of Legislation
Table of Cases
Table of International Instruments
Abbreviations
Chapter 12: Pakistan
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Issues
3 Principal Environmental Laws
3.1 General Laws
3.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance, 1983
3.3 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997
3.4 Rules and Regulations
4 Institutions and Governance Structures
4.1 The Federal Ministry
4.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Council
4.3 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency
4.4 The Provincial Ministry
4.5 Provincial EPAs
4.6 Other Relevant Federal Ministries and Provincial Departments
4.7 Marine Pollution Control Board
4.8 Local Governments
5 Overview of the Court System
5.1 Historical Development
5.2 Court Structure and Hierarchy of Courts
5.2.1 Supreme Court of Pakistan
5.2.2 Provincial High Courts
5.2.3 Environmental Tribunals
5.2.4 District and Session Courts
5.2.5 Environment Magistrates
5.2.6 Quasi Judicial Forums
5.3 Analysis of Significant Environmental Judgments
5.3.1 Supreme Court of Pakistan
5.3.2 The High Courts
6 Critical Survey
7 The Way Forward
7.1 Key Challenges
7.2 Key Opportunities
Bibliography
Table of Legislation and Authorities
Table of Cases
Table of International Instruments
Abbreviations
Chapter 13: The People's Republic of China
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Issues
3 Principal Environmental Laws
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Framework Legislation
3.3 Pollution Legislation
3.4 Environmental Impact Assessment
3.5 Land Use and Forestry Laws
3.6 Nature Conservation Laws
3.7 Procedural Laws and Environmental Litigation
4 Institutions and Governance Structures
4.1 General Governance Institutions and Environmental Authorities
4.2 Judicial Institutions: General Remarks
5 An Overview of the People's Court System
5.1 Historical Development of the Judiciary
5.2 Court Structure and Hierarchy
5.2.1 Structure
5.2.2 Operation of the Courts
6 Analysis of Significant Environmental Judgments
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Civil Issues
6.2.1 Pollution Torts: General Remarks
6.2.2 Liability and Burden of Proof
6.2.3 Damages and Causality
6.2.4 Resolution through Administrative Means
6.2.5 Strict Liability
6.3 Administrative Issues
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Administrative Enforcement of Environmental Laws
6.3.3 Environmental Impact Assessment
6.3.4 Administrative Duties to Protect the Environment
6.3.5 Public Interest Environmental Litigation
6.4 Criminal Lawsuits
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 The Evolution of Environmental Crimes
6.4.3 Specific Environmental Crimes
7 Critical Survey
8 The Way Forward
8.1 Key Challenges
8.2 Key Opportunities
Bibliography
Table of Legislation
Table of Statutory Instruments
Table of Cases
Abbreviations
Chapter 14: Kenya
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Major Environmental Challenges
2 Principal Environmental Laws
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Constitution
2.2.1 The Constitution of Kenya, 1969
2.2.2 The Draft Constitution of Kenya, 2004
2.3 The Environment Management and Coordination Act, 1999
2.3.1 Normative Provisions
2.3.1.1 Right to a Healthy Environment
2.3.1.2 Locus Standi
2.3.1.3 Environment Impact Assessment
2.3.2 Institutions under EMCA
2.4 Sectoral Statutes
3 Judicial and Non-Judicial Forms of Environmental Dispute Resolution
3.1 An Overview of the Court System
3.2 Quasi-Judicial Tribunals
3.3 Non-Judicial Environmental Dispute Resolution
3.3.1 Elders
3.3.2 The Chief
3.3.3 Peace Committees
3.3.4 Provincial, District and Local Environment Committees
4 Analysis of Significant Environmental Judgments
4.1 Locus Standi
4.2 Suits against Government Agencies
4.3 Right to a Healthy Environment
4.4 Environment Impact Assessment
4.5 Public Trust
4.6 Regulation of Property Rights
5 Critical Survey
6 Conclusion and Way Forward
Bibliography
Table of Legislation
Table of Cases
Table of Legislative Instruments
Abbreviations
Chapter 15: Uganda
1 Introduction
2 Main Environmental Issues
3 Development of Environmental Law: An Overview
4 Principal Environmental Laws
4.1 The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995
4.2 Framework Environmental Legislation
4.3 Sectoral Environmental Laws
5 Overview of Court System
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Structure of the Court System
6 Analysis of Significant Environmental Judgments
6.1 Use of Common Law Principles
6.2 Extending Locus Standi
6.3 Environmental Impact Assessment
6.4 Application of the Public Trust Doctrine
6.5 The Precautionary Principle
6.6 Access to Information
6.7 Grant of Appropriate Remedies
7 Challenges Facing the Judiciary in Environmental Governance
7.1 Political Interference
7.2 Capacity Constraints
7.3 Inadequate Financial Resources
7.4 Poor Case Flow Management
7.5 Extra-Curricula Activities of the Judiciary
7.6 Lack of Motivation
7.7 Reliance on Technicalities and Limited Judicial Activism
7.8 High Cost of Litigation
8 Conclusion and the Way Forward
Bibliography
Table of Legislation
Table of Cases
Table of International Instruments
Abbreviations
Chapter 16: Tanzania
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Environmental Policies and Challenges
4 Principal Environmental Laws
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sectoral Environmental Management Functions
4.3 Coordinating and Supporting Environmental Management Functions
5 The Court System
6 Analysis of Significant Environmental Judgments
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Right to Life and the Environment
6.3 Locus Standi and Public Interest Litigation
6.4 Application of the Polluter Pays Principle
7 Conclusion and Way Forward
Bibliography
Table of Legislation
Table of Cases
Table of International/Regional Instruments
Abbreviations
Chapter 17: Nigeria
1 Introduction
1.1 Main Environmental Challenges
2 Principal Environmental Laws and Institutions
3 An Overview of Nigeria's Court System
4 Analysis of Significant Environmental Judgments
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Procedural and Jurisdictional Issues
4.3 Locus Standi and Representative Capacity
4.4 Human Rights and the Environment
4.5 Pre-action Notices and Statutory Limitations
4.6 Prescription of Civil Claims
4.7 Application of Torts in the Environmental Context
4.8 Burden of Proof and Special Damage Claims
5 Critical Survey and Way Forward
Bibliography
Table of Legislation
Table of Cases
Table of International Instruments
Abbreviations
Chapter 18: South Africa
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Issues
3 Principal Environmental Laws
3.1 Constitutional Provisions
3.1.1 Environmental Right
3.1.2 Other Rights
3.1.3 International Environmental Law
3.1.4 Governance Mandates and Cooperative Governance
3.2 Environmental Framework Legislation
3.3 Sectoral Legislation
3.4 Common Law
4 Governance Structures and Institutions
4.1 Legislature
4.2 Executive
4.3 Judiciary
4.3.1 Structure of the Courts
4.3.2 Judicial Powers and Locus Standi
4.4 Environmental Authorities
5 Critical Analysis of Significant Environmental Judgments
5.1 Giving Content to the Environmental Right
5.2 Promoting Administrative Justice
5.3 Facilitating Access to Information
5.4 Extending Locus Standi
5.5 Linking Land Reform and Environmental Protection
5.6 Statutory Interpretation
5.7 Criminal Enforcement
5.8 Common Law Remedies
5.9 Litigation Costs
6 Conclusion
Bibliography
Table of Legislation
Table of Cases
Abbreviations
Chapter 19: Eritrea
1 Introduction
2 Main Environmental Challenges
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Deforestation and Land Degradation
2.3 Wildlife Depletion
2.4 Other
3 The Legal and Institutional Milieu for Environmental Governance
3.1 The Eritrean Legal System
3.2 The Constitutional Framework
3.3 Relevant Environmental Laws
3.4 Relevant Policy Instruments
3.5 Governance Structures
4 An Overview of the Judicial System
4.1 Historic Overview
4.2 Current Court Structure
5 Analysis of Significant Environmental Judgments
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Pre-Proclamation No. 155 of 2006
5.3 Post-Proclamation No. 155 of 2006
6 Critical Survey
7 The Way Forward
8 Conclusion
Bibliography
Table of Legislation
Table of Cases
Table of International Instruments
Abbreviations
Index

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