Economic Globalization and Compliance with International Environmental Agreements

Name: Economic Globalization and Compliance with International Environmental Agreements
Brand: Kluwer Law International
Price: 230.99 EUR
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Alexandre Kiss Dinah Shelton(Herausgeber*in)

Kluwer Law International (Verlag)

Erschienen am 18. August 2003

342 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover
Half Title Page
Editorial Board
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Series Editors' Preface
Foreword
Editors' Preface
List of Contributors
List of Abbreviations
I. The Concept and Challenges of Globalization
1. Economic Globalization and the Common Concern of Humanity
I. THE CONCEPT OF THE COMMON CONCERN OF HUMANITY
II. THE COMMON CONCERN OF HUMANITY AND TRADE
2. Challenges Posed by Globalization and Synergistic Responses: Multilateral Institutions in Transition
I. THE MANY FACES OF GLOBALIZATION
A. Salient Trend I - Emergence of Global Problématiques
B. Salient Trend II - Transformation of Major Conferences
C. Salient Trend III - Co-operative Management through Partnership
II. TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CODES
III. THE NATURE AND FORMS OF PARTNERSHIP
IV. EVOLUTION OF MULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONS
V. TWO EQUATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
CONCLUSION
APPENDIX: EXCERPTS FROM STATEMENTS OF PAST AND PRESENT SECRETARIES-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS, INDICATING THEIR THOUGHTS ABOUT THE FUTURE OF THE ORGANIZATION
3. The Impact of Economic Globalization on Compliance
I. GLOBALIZATION
II. THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON COMPLIANCE
III. POTENTIAL RESPONSES TO ENHANCE THE WILL AND CAPACITY OF STATES
II. The Normative Framework
4. Treaties on Nature and Living Resources
I. MEASURES TO CONTROL MOVEMENTS OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
II. THE PLACE OF DEPARTURE
1. CITES
2. ITTA
III. THE PLACE OF DESTINATION OR COUNTRY OF IMPORT
1. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity
2. Control Measures on Alien Species
5. Environmental Measures Restricting the Waste Trade
INTRODUCTION
I. OVERVIEW OF THE EXISTING WASTE TRADE INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR TRENDS
A. The Basel Convention
B. The Bamako Convention
C. The Lomé IV Convention and the Cotonou Convention
D. Other Regional Instruments
II. CONFLICTS BETWEEN WASTE MEAS AND THE FREE TRADE REGIME?
III. HOW TO SOLVE THE CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE MEAS AND GATT/WTO
A. Interpretational Methods
B. Normative Methods
IV. AMENDING GATT XX OR ADOPTING NEW GUIDANCE ON STATE SOVEREIGNTY
CONCLUSION
6. Regulating Trade in Dangerous Substances: Prior Informed Consent under the 1998 Rotterdam Convention
I. INTRODUCTION
II. BACKGROUND TO THE 1998 ROTTERDAM CONVENTION
III. THE 1998 ROTTERDAM CONVENTION ON THE PRIOR INFORMED CONSENT PROCEDURE FOR CERTAIN HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS AND PESTICIDES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE
IV. PRIOR INFORMED CONSENT AND FREE TRADE
V. CONCLUSION
7. Implications of the NAFTA Investment Chapter for Environmental Regulation
I. INTRODUCTION TO NAFTA
A. Environmental Provisions
B. NAFTA Side Agreements
C. US Environmental Review Process
II. SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF INVESTMENT RULES
III. NAFTA INVESTMENT PROVISIONS RELEVANT TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
A. Environmental Provisions
B. Non-discrimination
C. Performance Requirements
D. Minimum Standard of Treatment
E. Expropriation
IV. THE NAFTA INVESTOR-STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCESS: EMPOWERING INVESTORS
A. Dispute Settlement
B. Subnational Measures
C. The Cause of Action
D. Procedure
CONCLUSION
SELECTED READINGS AND WEBSITES
8. Can Regional Economic Integration be Reconciled with Environmental Protection in Developing Countries?
I. INTRODUCTION
II. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN THE PROCESS OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AMONG DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
1. ASEAN/AFTA
2. MERCOSUR
3. COMESA
4. APEC
III. IMPLICATIONS OF THE TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT ISSUES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
IV. CONCLUSION
III. Enhancing Compliance with International Environmental Obligations
9. UNEP Initiatives to Promote Compliance with Multilateral Environmental Agreements
I. A PROGRAMMATIC APPROACH
II. ACTIVITIES
A. Administering and Co-ordinating Multilateral Environmental Agreements
B. Preparing International Guidelines
III. UNEP CONVENTIONS THAT CONTAIN TRADE MEASURES
A. CITES
B. The Montreal Protocol
C. The Basel Convention
CONCLUSION
10. The Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies of the World Bank and the Evolving Role of the Inspection Panel
I. FINANCING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SAFEGUARD POLICIES
III. BENCHMARKING OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL REQUIREMENTS
IV. THE INSPECTION PANEL
A. Composition
B. The Powers of the Panel
C. Overview of the Procedures
D. The Eligibility Phase
E. The Investigation
F. Consideration of the Panel Report
CONCLUSION
11. Improving Compliance with Multilateral Environmental Agreements through Positive Measures: The Case of the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change
I. ENHANCING COMPLIANCE
INTRODUCTION: THE INCREASE OF MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS AND COMPLIANCE
A. Old and New Instruments to Ensure Compliance (from Sanctions to Economic Measures)
B. The Decline of Traditional Dispute Settlement Procedures
C. The Rise of New Dispute Avoidance Procedures (Non-Compliance Procedures)
D. Improving Compliance through Positive Measures
II. NEW INSTRUMENTS TO IMPROVE COMPLIANCE: THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
A. Introduction to the Kyoto Protocol
B. The Kyoto Protocol and the Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities
C. The Flexibility Mechanisms Introduced by the Kyoto Protocol
D. The Non-Compliance Procedure Approved by the Conference of the Parties
CONCLUSION
12. The Use of Unilateral Trade Measures to Protect the Environment
INTRODUCTION
I. UNILATERAL MEASURES AS A LONG-STANDING PRACTICE
II. UNILATERAL TRADE MEASURES ARE INCREASINGLY CONTENTIOUS
III. THE INCREASING VISIBILITY OF UNILATERAL MEASURES
IV. EMERGENCE OF THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE AND THE RESORT TO UNILATERAL MEASURES
V. UNILATERALISM, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND THE WTO: A RIGHT TO RESORT TO UNILATERAL MEASURES?
VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS ABOUT THE LEGITIMACY OF UNILATERAL MEASURES
13. Environmental Information and Public Participation in Decision-making
I. INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF THE RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENT
A. Transboundary Procedures
B. Environmental Information, Participation and Access to Justice within States
II. THE RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENT AND INTERNATIONAL FREE TRADE REGIMES
CONCLUSION
14. The Utility and Limits of Codes of Conduct for the Protection of the Environment
INTRODUCTION
I. THE EMERGENCE OF CODES OF CONDUCT
II. THE PRESENT CONTEXT
III. THE UTILITY OF CODES OF CONDUCT
IV. THE PROBLEM: NON-BINDING NORMS WITHOUT ENFORCEMENT
CONCLUSION: AN ALTERNATIVE REGIME
APPENDIX A: THE CERES PRINCIPLES
APPENDIX B: THE ICC BUSINESS CHARTER FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
APPENDIX C: THE CAUX PRINCIPLES
APPENDIX D: THE UNITED NATIONS GLOBAL COMPACT
15. Dispute Avoidance in International Environmental Law
I. THE COMPLEXITY OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION
II. EX ANTE PROCEDURES AIMED AT PROVIDING TRANSPARENCY AND CONFIDENCE BUILDING
III. FACT FINDING, MONITORING AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK MANAGEMENT
IV. RESPONSE ACTION AND NON-COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES
CONCLUSION
16. WTO Dispute Settlement as a Model for International Governance
INTRODUCTION
I. OVERVIEW OF THE WTO DISPUTE SYSTEM
II. CRITICISM OF WTO ADJUDICATION
III. CRITICISM OF WTO REMEDIES
IV. IMPLICATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
17. Conflict Resolution and the Law of the Sea: Reconciling Interaction between the LOS Convention and Environmental Instruments
INTRODUCTION
I. THE LOS CONVENTION AND SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES
A. General Provisions for Dispute Settlement
B. Compulsory Means of Dispute Settlement
C. Limitations on Jurisdiction
D. Miscellaneous Provisions
II. DISPUTE RESOLUTION PRACTICE AND THE LAW OF THE SEA
III. THE INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE LAW OF THE SEA
A. ITLOS Cases: 1996-2002
B. The Southern Bluefin Tuna cases
C. ITLOS Provisional Measures
D. Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal
Developments in 2001
IV. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL DISPUTES AND THE LAW OF THE SEA
CONCLUSION
18. Dispute Resolution in Environmental Law - Can the European Union be a Model?
INTRODUCTION
I. THE COMMUNITY CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL LAW-MAKING
II. INSTITUTIONS TO MONITOR APPLICATIONS
III. EU COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS
A. Monitoring Compliance
B. Proceedings
IV. ASSESSMENT OF THE SYSTEM
A. Positive Features
B. Weaknesses
V. LESSONS TO LEARN FOR INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONVENTIONS?
19. The NAFTA Commission on Environmental Cooperation - Voice for the North American Environment?
INTRODUCTION
I. CREATION OF THE COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION
II. STATUS OF THE CEC IN NAFTA
III. STRUCTURE OF THE CEC
IV. CEC AND FORMAL SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES
V. CEC AND THE AVOIDANCE OF DISPUTES
VI. THE NAAEC IN OPERATION - EXAMPLES OF ARTICLES 13 & 14 PROCEEDINGS
VII. THE NAFTA COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION - A VOICE SPEAKING FOR THE NORTH AMERICAN ENVIRONMENT
Conclusions
Index
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