Recent Advances in Nanocarriers for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy

Part A Overview, molecular pathways and conventional therapy of pancreatic cancer1. An overview of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of pancreatic cancerFarzad Rahmani and Amir Avan1.1 Pancreas anatomy 1.2 Pancreas physiology1.2.1 Endocrine pancreas1.2.2 Exocrine pancreas1.3 Pancreas cancer pathology 1.3.1 Pathology of the exocrine neoplasms of the pancreas 1.3.2 Pathology of the endocrine neoplasms of pancreas 1.4 ConclusionReferences2. Different combination therapies pertaining to pancreatic cancer Zahra Salmasi, Parisa Saberi-Hasanabadi, Hamidreza Mohammadi and Rezvan Yazdian-Robati2.1 Introduction 2.2 Carrier-free combination therapy in pancreatic cancer treatment 2.3 Nanoparticle-mediated combination therapy in pancreatic cancer treatment 2.3.1 Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles 2.3.2 Nonmetallic nanoparticles 2.3.3 Polymeric nanoparticles 2.3.4 Lipid-based nanoparticle 2.4 Combination treatment with chimeric antigen receptor T cells and oncolytic viruses 2.5 Compounds of natural origin and combination therapy in pancreatic cancer treatment 2.5.1 The role of bioactive compounds of natural origin based on nano-formulation in inhibiting the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells 2.6 Conclusions and perspectives References Part B Application of various nanocarriers for the management of pancreatic cancer 3. Potential application of nanotechnology in the treatment and overcoming of pancreatic cancer resistance Shwetapadma Dash, Sonali Sahoo and Sanjeeb Kumar Sahoo3.1 Introduction 3.2 Current therapeutics for pancreatic cancer 3.2.1 Conventional therapies 3.2.2 Targeted therapies 3.3 Drug resistance as a pitfall 3.3.1 Role of drug uptake and drug metabolism pathways 3.3.2 Role of key signaling networks 3.3.3 Tumor microenvironment 3.3.4 Cancer stem cells and epithelial to mesenchymal transition as regulators 3.3.5 Other miscellaneous pathways and factors 3.4 Nanotechnology as a therapeutic window 3.4.1 Nanotherapeutic strategies using chemotherapeutic drugs 3.4.2 Nanotherapeutics-based approaches for targeting drug resistance 3.4.3 Nanotherapeutics-based approaches for targeting tumor microenvironment 3.4.4 Pro- and antiapoptotic genes: evasion and overexpression 3.4.5 Nanotherapeutic strategies for targeting cancer stem cells 3.4.6 Nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for RNA interference inhibitors 3.4.7 Nanomaterials for early detection and advancing pancreatic cancer imaging for pancreatic cancer 3.5 Conclusion References 4. Application of hydrogel-based drug delivery system for pancreatic cancer Naomi Sanjana Sharath, Ranjita Misra and Jyotirmoy Ghosh4.1 Introduction 4.2 Pancreatic cancer 4.3 Physiology 4.3.1 Treatment 4.4 Limitations 4.5 Hydrogels 4.6 Types of polymers used in hydrogels 4.6.1 Natural polymers 4.6.2 Synthetic polymers 4.7 Preparation of hydrogels 4.7.1 Bulk polymerization 4.7.2 Solution polymerization 4.7.3 Optical polymerization 4.7.4 Enzymatic polymerization 4.8 Types of some common hydrogels 4.8.1 Injectable hydrogels 4.8.2 Temperature-sensitive hydrogels 4.8.3 pH-sensitive hydrogels 4.8.4 Photosensitive hydrogels 4.8.5 Electrosensitive hydrogels 4.9 Applications of hydrogels against pancreatic cancer 4.10 Diagnosis 4.10.1 Therapy 4.10.2 Organoid development for cancer treatment 4.11 Conclusion and future outlook References 5. Liposome- and noisome-based drug delivery for pancreatic cancer Rezvan Yazdian-Robati, Seyedeh Melika Ahmadi, Faranak Mavandadnejad, Pedram Ebrahimnejad, Shervin Amirkhanloo and Amin ShadAbbreviations 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Liposome-based drug delivery 5.2.1 Components and structure of liposome 5.3 Liposomal drug delivery platforms for pancreatic cancer 5.3.1 Liposome-drugs to treat pancreatic cancer 5.3.2 Liposome-naturally derived bioactive compounds to treat pancreatic cancer 5.3.3 Liposomal delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 to treat PC 5.4 Targeted nanoliposomes for pancreatic cancer treatment 5.4.