Reconstructing European Copyright Law for the Digital Single Market

Name: Reconstructing European Copyright Law for the Digital Single Market | Between Old Paradigms and Digital Challenges
Brand: Nomos
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Between Old Paradigms and Digital Challenges

Bernd Justin Jütte(Autor*in)

Nomos (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 2. August 2017

593 Seiten

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978-3-8452-7875-9 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Cover
Introduction
A. Copyright Old and New
B. A historical perspective: Copyright before digitization
C. Outline and Structure
I. Four factors to rule copyright
1. Efficiency and certainty
2. Balance
3. System
II. Structure
Chapter 1. Copyright in a Digital EU - Problems & Policy
A. The Modern Copyright Dilemma
I. Specificities of digital reproduction
1. New reproductions
2. New uses
3. Different authorization-markets
II. Aggravating factors
1. Problems with moral rights
2. Fragmentation and effects of harmonization
III. The poles of the copyright balance
1. Rightsholder interests
2. (Private) User interests
3. Interests of businesses (and the Commission)
B. The Digital Agenda of the European Union
I. Single Market Act
II. A Single Market for Intellectual Property Rights
III. Green Paper on the online distribution of audiovisual works
IV. Continued efforts and external input
1. Stakeholder dialogue "Licenses for Europe"
2. The Public Consultation on the review of EU copyright
V. The new "Digital Single Market Strategy"
1. A leaked White Paper
2. The Commission 2015 Work Programme
3. The "Reda Report"
4. The Digital Single Market Strategy
C. Elements of a European Copyright Framework for the Digital Single Market
Chapter 2. Copyright (Regulation) in the Single Market
A. International Copyright Legislation with EU Relevance
I. Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886)
II. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS, 1994)
III. WIPO Internet Treaties
B. EU Copyright Legislation
II. Vertical harmonization - extending rightsholder protection
III. Purposeful copyright management - orphans and online music
IV. Interim conclusion: restrictive trends in EU copyright harmonization
C. The CJEU's Jurisprudence in Relation to Copyright
I. The (early) copyright case-law
II. The recent case-law
D. The status quo
Chapter 3. Elements of a European Copyright Framework for the Digital Single Market
A. Territoriality and the Demands of the Single Market
I. Managing multiple rights
II. The principle of territoriality in the EU
III. Conflicts with the single market
IV. The Principle of territoriality applied to copyright protected works
1. Basic EU exhaustion
2. Regional and international exhaustion
a. Regional exhaustion in the EU - legislative certainty
b. International exhaustion in the US - an upset
3. Territoriality applied to digital works
V. Exhaustion of digital content in the EU
1. Classifying digital content
2. Distinguishing goods from services
3. Exhausting digital content
4. FAPL/Murphy - can services be exhausted?
a. Exhaustion and services
b. Exhaustion and communication to the public
5. UsedSoft v. Oracle - software downloads lead to exhaustion
a. The Opinion of AG Bot
b. The Judgment of the Court
c. The post-UsedSoft excitement
6. Beyond UsedSoft - exhaustion and other types of digital content?
a. Germany - resale denied
b. The Netherlands - a waiting game
c. German-Dutch disagreements
7. The uncertain future of digital exhaustion in the EU
a. Application of exhaustion to digital content
b. Functional equivalence of tangible and digital works
c. Market impact
8. Interpretative accommodation of exhaustion under the InfoSoc Directive
a. Is exhaustion applicable to services?
b. Necessary reproductions
c. Preventing piracy
VI. Different continent, same problem: the US
1. Infringements
2. Defenses
3. ReDigi's consequences - in comparison
a. Sale v. license (goods v. services?)
b. Moving files through time and space
c. Flexibilities
VII. Coping with territoriality
1. Territoriality is there to stay
2. Exhaustion off-balance
a. Physical goods
b. Digital files
c. It is services, not sales!
3. Coping with territoriality, and (maybe) rebalancing exhaustion
4. Is territoriality upsetting the digital common market?
a. The 'secondary' market
b. The 'primary' market - establishment and collisions
VIII. Striking the balance
1. Striking the balance for rightsholders
2. Striking the balance for users
3. Rebalancing exhaustion
a. Value for money
b. Distribution of risk
c. Ownership permits resale
IX. The future of territoriality and exhaustion
B. (Digital) Limitations and Exceptions to Copyright
I. Limitations and exceptions as part of the copyright system
1. The consent barrier
2. The different roles of L&Es
3. L&Es in current EU copyright policy
II. L&Es in the EU copyright system
1. The L&Es of the InfoSoc Directive
2. The exhaustive list of Article 5 InfoSoc
3. The dominance of exclusive rights
4. The narrow scope of L&Es
a. Narrow interpretation of L&Es
b. A turn of the tide
III. Categories of L&Es for digital uses - Content and processes
1. Fundamental rights
2. Commercial vs. non-commercial uses
3. User-generated content
4. Copy-reliant technologies
5. Technological processes - facilitating the Internet
IV. Adapting L&Es for digital uses
1. Extension of L&Es
a. Creating a dangerous precedent
b. Expected repetitions
c. Continuing inflexibility and uncertainty
d. The uncertainties of implementation
2. Altered interpretation
a. Wide interpretation
b. Extension by analogy
c. Limits of non-restrictive interpretation
3. The three-step test
a. Origins of a 'flexible' norm
b. The three-step test in EU copyright
c. The untapped potential of the three-step test - making the test work
i. Application by the judiciary
ii. Each step revisited
iii. Order of interpretation
d. Limitations of the three-step test
e. Making the test work
4. Adopting fair use
a. Advantages and disadvantages of fair use
b. Is fair use really that flexible?
c. Limitations of fair use
d. Implanting fair use
5. Including an open norm
V. Revising L&Es for digital uses
1. The locus of an open norm
2. The notion of an open norm
3. An inspired open norm
a. Fundamental rights and technological developments - shifting standards
b. Abandoning restrictive interpretation
c. Compatibility with the three-step test
4. Introducing technological neutrality
5. Addressing rightsholder concerns
a. Economic interests
b. Non-economic interests
c. Limiting contractual freedom
6. What future for L&Es?
a. Ideally!
b. Realistically?
c. Critically
C. Technological Protection Measures (TPMs)
I. TPMs in modern copyright law
1. The ratio of TPMs
2. The relevance of TPMS
a. Control over content
b. Trust and security
II. Legal protection of TPMs
1. Legislation on TPMs
2. Interpretation of Article 6 InfoSoc Directive
a. TPMs and fair remuneration
b. TPMs and control
III. Claiming access - circumventing TPMs
1. Mod-chips and consoles
2. Breaking files and access-controls
3. Excluding 'lawful circumvention'
a. Digital exception
b. Exclusion by contract
4. Uncertainties and the territorial dimension
IV. Disabling legal uses
1. Over-employment
2. Technological limits
V. Protecting rights - protecting use(r)s
1. The ability to enable
2. The ability to protect interests
a. Property rights
b. Fundamental rights
c. Rebalanced TPMs
VI. Do TPMs need reform?
1. TPMs protect business models
2. Clarification of the relation between TPMs and L&Es
a. Primacy of L&Es over TPMs
b. Removal of effective obstacles
c. Increased efficiency
3. Technological measures in the digital market
a. Steps in the right direction
b. Legislative tasks
D. Collective Copyright Management
I. Collective management in a nutshell
1. Collective rights management in a historical perspective
2. Systematic territoriality
3. Collective management in the copyright acquis
II. Collective copyright management in multi-territorial digital markets
1. Legal responses to economic solutions in the EU
a. IFPI Simulcasting: exception for concerted practices
b. CISAC: a crackdown on segmented markets
c. Impetus for anti-territorial legislation
2. The early cross-sectoral approach
a. The Parliament's Resolution
b. The Commission's reply
3. Shifting licensing landscapes
a. Narrowed scope: online music services
b. Relations between CMOs, users and rightsholders
c. Abandoning territorial licensing
d. Split repertoires
e. No effective harmonization
4. Collective management and multi-territorial licensing
a. Control of CMO activities
i. Options
ii. Policy choice
b. Multi-territorial licensing for musical works
i. Options
ii. Policy choice
c. The proposed Directive on Collective Management
i. Governance and transparency
ii. Multi-territorial licensing
d. Critique
e. The final Directive
i. Definition of CMO
ii. Governance and transparency
iii. Multi-territorial licensing
iv. Individualized exercise of exclusive online-rights
III. The future of multi-territoriality and modern digital distribution
1. Unadopted solutions and their merits and shortcomings
a. Extended collective licensing
b. The country-of-origin principle
IV. Collective management in a digital environment
1. Transversal issues
a. CMOs and copyright L&Es
b. CMOs and TPMs, complementing or replacing?
2. The future of EU collective management
Chapter 4. Efficient and Balanced European Copyright for the Digital Single Market
A. Essential Pillars for a European Copyright System
I. Efficient copyright management
II. Defining the balance in copyright - "Guided Flexibility"
1. Terminological injustice
2. Defining the actors
a. Users
b. Intermediaries
3. Finding the balance
a. The balance must be flexible
b. The balance must be based on principles
c. The balance must be fair
B. The Pieces and the Puzzle
C. Legislative options for the "Copyright Dilemma"
I. Update of the InfoSoc Directive
1. Defining exclusive rights
2. The Pandora's Box of L&Es
3. Complementary additions
II. European Copyright Code
1. Advantages of coherent and directly applicable legislation
2. Territoriality, again! The inefficiency of 'mere' harmonization
III. Unitary Copyright
1. Scope of a unitary copyright title
a. Replacing national titles
b. Sectoral protection
c. Parallel existing titles or replacement of national copyrights
2. An 'elegant' solution
3. The perspective for a unitary copyright title
IV. One out of three?
1. Urgent problems need quick responses
2. A word on competence
D. Perspective
Summary
Table of Legislation and Cases
Bibliography

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