Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Clinical Medicine

Molecular structure, mechanism of function, toxin serotypes, immunogenicity, and safety issues.- Parkinson's disease. Indications: Sialorrea, blepharospasm, focal painful dystonia of hands or feet, rigidity.- Atypical Parkinson Syndromes and other neurodegenerative disorders: Sialorrea, Hyperhidrosis, Blepharospasm, Focal painful dystonia, Rigidity.- Multiple Sclerosis. Indications: Spasticity, Focal dystonia, Neuropathic pain (trigeminal neuralgia).- Stroke- Indications: Post-stroke spasticity, Painful focal dystonia, Sialorrhea , Hemifacial spasms.- Cerebral palsy- Indications: Rigidity, Spasticity, Painful dystonia, Sialorrhea.- Orthopedic disorders- Indications: local painful arthropathies, local muscle cramps after knee or hip replacement.- Gatroentologic disorders- Indications: Achalasia, Spasm of sphincter of Oddi, Painful rectal spasms (anismus).- Breast and Gynecologic Disorders: Pelvic pain, Vulvodynia, Local post-surgical and Post-radiatiion pain in breast cancer.- Migraine and other headaches.- Neuropathic pains (post-herpetic neuralgia, post-traumatic neuralgia, plantar fasciitis, piriformis syndrome, entrapment neuropathic pain).- Ophthalmological disorders (blepharospasm, strabismus).- Dermatological disorders (psoriasis , intractable pruritus).- Traumatic brain or spinal cord injury Indications: Spasticity, Painful focal muscle cramps and Spasms.- Diseases with metal accumulation in the brain- Wilson disease and neuroferritinopathies Indications: Sialorrhea, Hyperhidrosis, Spasticity, Rigidity, Blepharospasm, Focal painful cramps and spasms.- Future prospect and potentials.