Robotics, Autonomics, and the Law

1 - Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Industry 4.0 and Law - Experiences from AUTONOMICS [Seite 11]
2.1 - A. Introduction [Seite 11]
2.2 - B. Industry 4.0 - New Legal Challenges in Value Chain Networks [Seite 11]
2.3 - C. Supporting the Development of Compliance Rules for Technology [Seite 13]
2.4 - D. Examples from the AUTONOMICS Projects [Seite 14]
2.5 - E. Engineering Networked Production Facilities [Seite 14]
2.6 - F. Autonomous Systems in Intralogistics [Seite 15]
2.7 - G. Industrial Service Robotics [Seite 15]
2.8 - H. Human Workers in Manufacturing [Seite 15]
2.9 - I. Areas of Law that Relate to Autonomous Systems [Seite 16]
2.10 - J. Civil Law [Seite 16]
2.11 - K. General Provisions of Civil Law [Seite 19]
2.11.1 - I. Section 437 German Civil Code [Seite 19]
2.11.2 - II. Section 280 German Civil Code [Seite 19]
2.11.3 - III. Section 823 German Civil Code [Seite 19]
2.11.4 - IV. Section 1 Product Liability Act [Seite 20]
2.11.5 - V. Section 3 Product Liability Act [Seite 21]
2.12 - L. Criminal Law [Seite 21]
2.13 - M. Fundamental Issues Relating to Liability for Defective Products [Seite 22]
2.14 - N. Duties Regarding the Design of Products [Seite 23]
2.15 - O. Duties Regarding Production [Seite 24]
2.16 - P. Duties Relating to the Use of Products (Requirement for User Information) [Seite 25]
2.17 - Q. Duties that Producers have after a Product has been brought into Circulation [Seite 25]
2.18 - R. Data Protection Law [Seite 26]
3 - Autonomous Systems and the Law: Why Intelligence Matters [Seite 27]
3.1 - A. Robotics and the Law Today: What is Changing [Seite 27]
3.1.1 - I. From Robotics to Autonomous Systems: The Meaning of a Terminological Change [Seite 28]
3.1.2 - II. The Case for Embodiment [Seite 30]
3.1.3 - III. Intelligence [Seite 31]
3.1.4 - IV. AI and Actions [Seite 32]
3.1.5 - V. Autonomy [Seite 33]
3.1.6 - 1.6. From Robots to Autonomous Systems [Seite 35]
3.2 - B. The EU Regulatory Framework [Seite 35]
3.2.1 - I. The Robot as a Machine: Directive 2006/42/EC on Machinery [Seite 37]
3.2.2 - II. The Robot as a Product: Directive 2001/95/EC, Decision 768/2008/EC and Regulation (EC) 765/2008 on General Product Safety and Marketing of Products [Seite 41]
3.2.3 - III. The Robot and the Consumer: Directive 1999/44/EC on the Sale of Consumer Goods [Seite 43]
3.3 - C. Fields of Application of Autonomous Systems [Seite 44]
3.3.1 - I. The Transnational Debate in Europe [Seite 44]
3.3.2 - II. Industry 4.0 and Innovation in the Workplace [Seite 45]
3.3.2.1 - 1. New Technologies Driving Innovation [Seite 48]
3.3.2.2 - 2. The Legal Challenges [Seite 51]
3.3.2.2.1 - (1) Electronic Correspondence and Privacy in the Workplace. [Seite 51]
3.3.2.2.2 - (2) Data Collection and Monitoring & Surveillance in the Workplace. [Seite 52]
3.3.2.2.3 - (3) Employability, and a New Organisation of Work [Seite 53]
3.3.3 - 3.3. Robotics and Health Care [Seite 55]
3.4 - 4. Why Intelligence Matters in Autonomous Systems [Seite 56]
4 - Robots in American Law [Seite 59]
4.1 - INTRODUCTION [Seite 60]
4.2 - A. ROBOTS AS LEGAL OBJECTS [Seite 64]
4.2.1 - I. Appropriation by Robot [Seite 66]
4.2.2 - II. Robotic Performance [Seite 71]
4.2.3 - III. Animate Objects [Seite 73]
4.2.4 - IV. Robot Possession [Seite 77]
4.2.5 - V. The Robot Burglar [Seite 80]
4.2.6 - VI. The Unreliable Robot [Seite 83]
4.3 - B. ROBOTS AS LEGAL SUBJECTS [Seite 86]
4.3.1 - I. The Robot Judge [Seite 88]
4.3.2 - II. The Robot Juror or Witness [Seite 91]
4.3.3 - III. The Defendant's Robot [Seite 92]
4.4 - C. THE MEANING OF ROBOT CASE LAW [Seite 94]
4.4.1 - I. Robotics Law: An Early Agenda [Seite 95]
4.4.2 - II. Law and Contemporary Robotics [Seite 102]
4.5 - CONCLUSION [Seite 107]
5 - Technology Law in China: Computer Hacking, Cloud Computing and Robotics as Examples [Seite 109]
5.1 - A. Introduction: The Relationship between Technology and Law [Seite 109]
5.2 - B. A Newly Emerging Legal Field: Technology Law [Seite 110]
5.3 - C. Legal Challenges in Industrie 4.0 - Developing Legal Solutions Relevant to Made in China 2025? [Seite 111]
5.4 - D. The Example of Computer Hacking and Criminal Law [Seite 112]
5.4.1 - I. Internet Crime and Computer Hacking [Seite 112]
5.4.2 - II. Criminal Law Provisions in China to Combat Hacking and Associated Problems [Seite 113]
5.4.3 - III. Prospects for Future Criminal Law Provisions against Computer Hacking in China [Seite 117]
5.5 - E. The Example of Cloud Computing and Data Protection Law [Seite 119]
5.5.1 - I. Data Related to Persons [Seite 119]
5.5.2 - II. Cloud Computing and Personal Privacy Issues [Seite 120]
5.5.3 - III. The Legal Situation and Problems of Data Protection Law in China [Seite 121]
5.5.4 - IV. The Outlook for Future Legislation on Data Protection in China [Seite 123]
5.6 - F. The Example of Robotics and Law [Seite 125]
5.7 - G. Summary and Outlook [Seite 127]
6 - New Legislation and the Reform of the Rules on Robots in Korea [Seite 129]
6.1 - A. The Current Situation in Korea [Seite 129]
6.2 - B. Legal Challenges posed by the Control of New Technology [Seite 132]
6.2.1 - I. Legislation and an Ethics Charter for the Development of the Robot Industry [Seite 132]
6.2.1.1 - 1. The Charter on Intelligent Robot Ethics [Seite 132]
6.2.1.2 - 2. Intelligent Robots Development and Distribution Promotion Act [Seite 134]
6.3 - C. Related Legislation [Seite 136]
6.3.1 - I. Acts on Road Safety [Seite 136]
6.3.1.1 - 1. Motor Vehicle Management Act [Seite 136]
6.3.1.2 - 2. Road Traffic Act [Seite 136]
6.3.2 - II. Aviation Act and Aviation Ordinance Regarding Autonomous Aircraft [Seite 137]
6.3.2.1 - 1. Definitions of Unmanned Aircraft and Ultra-Light Flying Devices [Seite 137]
6.3.2.2 - 2. Commercial Uses for Ultra-Light Flying Devices [Seite 137]
6.3.2.3 - 3. Compliance Conditions for Unmanned Aircraft [Seite 138]
6.3.3 - III. Medical Devices Act and Medical Service Act [Seite 139]
6.3.3.1 - 1. Data Protection Law [Seite 141]
6.3.3.2 - 2. Civil Law [Seite 142]
6.3.3.3 - 3. Criminal Law [Seite 142]
6.3.4 - IV. Proposals for Existing Legislation [Seite 143]
6.3.4.1 - 1. Proposals to Change Existing Rules [Seite 143]
6.3.4.2 - 2. Debate on Road and Air Traffic Safety [Seite 145]
6.3.4.3 - 3. Proposals for Telemedicine Robots [Seite 146]
6.3.4.4 - 4. Debate on Software in Respect of the Product Liability Act [Seite 148]
6.4 - D. Conclusion [Seite 149]
7 - The Current Status of Japanese Robotics Law: Focusing on Automated Vehicles [Seite 151]
7.1 - A. Introduction [Seite 151]
7.2 - B. Research on Robotics Law in General [Seite 152]
7.2.1 - I. Research by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications [Seite 152]
7.2.2 - II. Summary of Foreign Research [Seite 153]
7.2.3 - III. Artificial Intelligence [Seite 155]
7.2.4 - IV. International Public Law [Seite 156]
7.2.5 - V. Drones [Seite 156]
7.2.6 - VI. Other Research [Seite 157]
7.3 - C. Discussions of Automated Vehicles and the Law [Seite 159]
7.3.1 - I. Recent Discussions of Automated Vehicles in Japan [Seite 159]
7.3.2 - II. Discussions on Automated Vehicles and the Civil Law [Seite 161]
7.3.3 - III. Discussions on Automated Vehicles and the Criminal Law [Seite 163]
7.4 - D. A Brief Analysis of Automated Vehicles Law in Japan [Seite 165]
7.4.1 - I. The Difficulty of Allocating Liability because of Multiple Parties Involved [Seite 165]
7.4.2 - II. The Necessity of Striking a Balance between Over-Attribution and Under-Attribution [Seite 166]
7.4.3 - III. Tools to Strike a Balance in the Field of Civil Law [Seite 167]
7.4.4 - IV. Tools to Strike a Balance in the Field of Criminal Law [Seite 168]
8 - Automated Driving and the Law [Seite 171]
8.1 - A. Terminology [Seite 171]
8.2 - B. Convergence of Technologies [Seite 173]
8.3 - C. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Automated Road Transport [Seite 174]
8.4 - D. Constitutional Provisions [Seite 176]
8.5 - E. Legal Issues of Licensing and Vehicle Operation [Seite 179]
8.6 - F. Civil Liability [Seite 180]
8.7 - G. The Criminal Law [Seite 181]
8.8 - H. Provider Liability [Seite 183]
8.9 - I. Data Protection and Privacy Law [Seite 184]
8.10 - J. Insurance Law [Seite 185]
8.11 - K. New Challenges [Seite 186]
8.11.1 - I. Dealing with the "Control Dilemma" [Seite 187]
8.11.2 - II. Writing Computer Algorithms that Prevent Accidents [Seite 189]
8.11.3 - III. Further Problems in the Future [Seite 191]
8.12 - L. Summary [Seite 193]
9 - Delicate Decisions: Legally Compliant Emergency Algorithms for Autonomous Cars [Seite 195]
9.1 - A. Introduction [Seite 195]
9.2 - B. Prevention of Harm [Seite 196]
9.3 - C. Defining a Hierarchy of Legal Interests [Seite 197]
9.4 - D. Collision of two Legal Interests of Equal Weight [Seite 199]
9.4.1 - I. Decision by Numbers [Seite 199]
9.4.2 - II. Decision via a Random Generator [Seite 201]
9.5 - E. Conclusions [Seite 203]
10 - Flying Between the Lines: Drone Laws and the (Re)Production of Public Spaces [Seite 205]
10.1 - A. Introduction [Seite 205]
10.2 - B. Law and Geography [Seite 208]
10.3 - C. The Production of a "Public" Airspace [Seite 211]
10.3.1 - I. From Private to Public Airspace [Seite 212]
10.3.2 - II. The Tenuous Legal Designation of Low-Altitude Drone-Accessible Airspace [Seite 214]
10.3.3 - III. The "Public" Nature of Drone-Accessible Airspace [Seite 218]
10.3.4 - IV. Considerations for Public Space on the Ground [Seite 221]
10.4 - D. Conclusion [Seite 224]
11 - Google Cars, Software Agents, Autonomous Weapons Systems - New Challenges for Criminal Law? [Seite 227]
11.1 - A. Introduction [Seite 227]
11.2 - B. Semi- and Fully Autonomous Machines and the Internet [Seite 228]
11.2.1 - I. Networking of People with Embodied Machines [Seite 228]
11.2.2 - II. Networking of Autonomous Machines [Seite 229]
11.3 - C. Potential for Conflict in this Development [Seite 231]
11.3.1 - I. With Human Involvement [Seite 231]
11.3.2 - II. Without Human Involvement [Seite 232]
11.4 - D. Possible Solutions in Current Criminal Law [Seite 234]
11.4.1 - I. With Human Involvement [Seite 235]
11.4.1.1 - 1. Machines as Weapons, Tools or Instruments for Committing Crimes [Seite 235]
11.4.1.2 - 2. Duties of Care When Remotely Controlling a Robot [Seite 239]
11.4.1.3 - 3. Problems with Evidence [Seite 241]
11.4.2 - II. Autonomous Machines [Seite 242]
11.5 - E. Limitations to Criminal Law [Seite 244]
11.5.1 - I. With Human Involvement [Seite 245]
11.5.2 - II. Machines [Seite 246]
11.6 - F. Changes [Seite 247]
11.6.1 - I. With Human Involvement [Seite 247]
11.6.2 - II. Autonomous Machines [Seite 248]
11.7 - G. Conclusions [Seite 250]
12 - Data Law in Business and Industry - A First Glance at a Problematic Relationship [Seite 253]
12.1 - A. Introduction [Seite 253]
12.2 - B. Data Law in Business and Industry [Seite 256]
12.3 - C. Data Protection of Personal Data, Customer Data and Highly Individualized Products [Seite 257]
12.4 - D. Employee Data and Networked Production Methods [Seite 260]
12.5 - E. Data Protection without Informational Self-Determination [Seite 264]
12.6 - F. Summary & Outlook [Seite 267]