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Your essential guide to design, operation, management, and health care integration of the modern molecular microbiology laboratory
This comprehensive resource offers definitive guidance on the operational and interpretive aspects of clinical molecular microbiology. Tailored for medical laboratory professionals, it provides practical "how-to" guidance for establishing, maintaining, and advancing molecular microbiology testing services and details the unique expertise required to support infectious disease diagnostics.
The Manual offers a clear and practical roadmap for topics ranging from selecting appropriate technologies, instruments, and analytic pipelines to navigating complex interpretive challenges and positioning diagnostic testing services for future clinical and population health needs.
Beginning with foundational technologies and their clinical applications, this book offers accessible overviews of each method's potential, implications, and emerging roles. Subsequent sections dive meticulously into details of laboratory setup, design, and operations, empowering readers with hands-on insights for routine and advanced testing methods, including advanced sequencing technologies. It also tackles the nuanced challenges of interpreting and reporting results from cutting-edge diagnostics, including those focused on antimicrobial resistance and metagenomics.
The final section explores the broader impact of molecular microbiology on value-based care, with discussions on clinical management, laboratory stewardship, and the future of molecular diagnostics in public health.
Comprehensive and forward-looking, the Manual of Molecular Microbiology equips readers with both foundational knowledge and practical expertise, making it an indispensable reference for today's clinical laboratory professionals.
Randall T. Hayden, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
Karen C. Carroll, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
John P. Dekker, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Alexander J. McAdam, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Donna M. Wolk, Geisinger, Diagnostic Medicine Institute, Danville, PA; The Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, USA.
Contributors vii
Preface xi
Author and Editor Conflicts of Interest xiii
Section I Technologies and Clinical Applications 1
1 Real-Time PCR 3 Jocelyn Hauser, Eleanor Powell, And N. Esther Babady
2 Digital PCR 18 Alexandra S. Whale, Denise M. O'sullivan, And Jim F. Huggett
3 Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Technologies and CRISPR-Cas-Based Nucleic Acid Detection
Strategies for Infectious Diseases Diagnostics 30 Benjamin M. Liu
4 Strain Typing (Bacterial, Viral, Fungal, and Mycobacterial) 48 Helena M.b. Seth-smith, Ashley M. Rooney, And Adrian Egli
5 Antimicrobial Resistance Genotyping 74 Heba H. Mostafa and Patricia J. Simner
6 Broad-Range Diagnostic Amplification and Detection 94 Øyvind Kommedal and Ruben Dyrhovden
7 Characterization of the Human Microbiome in Health and Disease 110 Chin Yee Tan and Neeraj K. Surana
8 Host Transcriptomics: Clinical Applications 127 Asuncion Mejias and Octavio Ramilo
9 Organism Transcriptomics 137 Aryeh Solomon and Roi Avraham
Section II Design, Implementation, and Operations: General 145
10 Laboratory Design for Molecular Technologies 147 Erin Graf
11 Sample Selection, Preservation, Transport, and Storage 153 James J. Dunn and Erin H. Graf
12 Nucleic Acid Extraction and Purity, Including Performance Considerations of Different Extraction
Chemistries 164 Bijal A. Parikh and Neil W. Anderson
13 Selection of Nucleic AcidAmplification Systems: In Vitro Diagnostic Tests 174 Cecilia M. Thompson, Heba H. Mostafa, And Kyle G. Rodino
14 Selection of Nucleic Acid Amplification Systems: Laboratory Developed Tests 180 Meghan W. Starolis
15 Verification, Validation, and Quality Assurance for Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests 189 Paige M.k. Larkin, Ninad Mehta, And Rebekah M. Martin
16 Molecular Microbiology Standardization 203 Jerry Boonyaratanakornkit
Section III Design, Implementation, and Operations: Sequencing-Based Technologies 215
17 Sequencing Platforms 217 Hege Vangstein Aamot, Jacob Moran-Gilad, and John W. A. Rossen
18 Nucleic Acid Extraction and Next-Generation Sequencing Library Prep 232 Abraham G. Moller, David C. Gaston, And Augusto Dulanto Chiang
19 Considerations of Depth, Coverage, and Other Read Quality Metrics 244 Derek D. N. Smith and Andrea D. Tyler
20 Pipelines and Databases-Genome Assembly and Analysis from Bacterial Isolates 262 Natalie Scherff, Hauke Tönnies, Gabriel Elias Wagner, and Alexander Mellmann
21 Analysis of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Data Obtained from Clinical Samples 278 Brian O'donovan, Steve Miller, And Katrina Kalantar
22 Pipelines and Databases- Microbiome Analysis 296 Jonathan Sanders, Huang Lin, Qiyun Zhu, And James T. Morton
23 Validation and Quality Control of Next-Generation Sequencing Assays 314 Robert Schlaberg
24 Application-Specific Considerations for Clinical and Epidemiologic Sequencing 335 Lydia A. Krasilnikova, Mohamad R. A. Sater, and Melis N. Anahtar
25 Generation and Analysis of Host Transcriptomics and Development of Host-Response Based Signatures 352 Emily C. Lydon, Katrina L. Kalantar, And Charles R. Langelier
Section IV Special Challenges in Result Interpretation and Reporting 361
26 Bacterial Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 363 Romney Humphries
27 Public Health Surveillance 378 Allen Bateman and Sara J. Blosser
28 Considerations in Molecular Strain Typing for Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses 391 S. Wesley Long
29 Considerations in Result Interpretation and Reporting for Untargeted and Broadly Targeted Pathogen
Detection Sequencing Assays 398 Heather L. Glasgow and Steve Miller
30 Considerations in Result Interpretation and Reporting for Microbiome Analysis 407 Arryn Craney
31 Clinical Interpretation of Ultrasensitive Molecular Assays 422 Daniel A. Ortiz and Blake W. Buchan
Section V Molecular Microbiology's Impact on Value-based Care 439
32 Clinical Interpretation and Diagnostic Management 441 Swathi Gowtham
33 The Role of Clinical Microbiology in Antimicrobial and Diagnostic Stewardship 456 Amy J. Mathers
34 Evidence-Based Assay Deployment- Support of Population Health Initiatives 467 Susan M. Benson
35 Evidence-Based Assay Deployment- Precision Medicine Initiatives 475 Julie Hirschhorn and Haluk Kavus
36 Evidence-Based Assay Deployment- Infrastructure, Documentation, and Strategy 483 Natalie N. Whitfield and Donna M. Wolk
Index 499
HEGE VANGSTEIN AAMOT Section for Research and Development, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Department of Nursing, Health and Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health, Welfare and Organization, Østfold University College, Fredrikstad, Norway
MELIS N. ANAHTAR Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Infectious Diseases and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
NEIL W. ANDERSON Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Health System, Case Western School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
ROI AVRAHAM Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
N. ESTHER BABADY Clinical Microbiology Service, Infectious Disease Service, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY
ALLEN BATEMAN Communicable Disease Division, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI
SUSAN M. BENSON School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
SARA J. BLOSSER Goldbelt Professional Services, LLC Atlanta, GA
JERRY BOONYARATANAKORNKIT Research and Development, Fort Worth Diagnostics, Fort Worth, TX
BLAKE W. BUCHAN Department of Pathology, The Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
ARRYN CRANEY MiraVista Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN; Petrified Bugs, LLC, Miami, FL
AUGUSTO DULANTO CHIANG Department of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
JAMES J. DUNN Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
RUBEN DYRHOVDEN Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
ADRIAN EGLI Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
DAVID C. GASTON Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
HEATHER L. GLASGOW Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
SWATHI GOWTHAM Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA
ERIN H. GRAF Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ
JOCELYN HAUSER Public Health Laboratory, DC Department of Forensic Science, Washington, DC
JULIE HIRSCHHORN Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger, Danville, PA
JIM F. HUGGETT National Measurement Laboratory, LGC, Teddington, Middlesex; School of Biosciences & Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford United Kingdom
ROMNEY HUMPHRIES Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN
KATRINA KALANTAR Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Science, Redwood City, CA
HALUK KAVUS Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger, Danville, PA
ØYVIND KOMMEDAL Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
LYDIA A. KRASILNIKOVA Infectious Diseases and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
CHARLES R. LANGELIER Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
PAIGE M.K. LARKIN American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
HUANG LIN Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
BENJAMIN M. LIU Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's National Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences; Children's National Research Institute; The District of Columbia Center for AIDS Research, Washington, DC
S. WESLEY LONG Houston Methodist Hospital, Department of Pathology & Genomic Medicine, Houston, TX
EMILY C. LYDON Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
REBEKAH M. MARTIN BD Life Sciences-Integrated Diagnostic Solutions, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Winnersh, United Kingdom
AMY J. MATHERS Department of Medicine and Pathology, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
NINAD MEHTA Division of Clinical Microbiology, Royal University Hospital & Saskatchewan Health Authority; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
ASUNCION MEJIAS Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
ALEXANDER MELLMANN Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster; National Consulting Laboratory for Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS); National Reference Center for Clostridioides difficile, Muenster Branch, Muenster, Germany
STEVE MILLER Delve Bio; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
ABRAHAM G. MOLLER Bacterial Pathogenesis and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
JACOB MORAN-GILAD School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
JAMES T. MORTON G&A, Gutz Analytics, Boulder, CO
HEBA H. MOSTAFA Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
BRIAN O'DONOVAN Delve Bio, San Francisco, CA
DANIEL A. ORTIZ Department of Microbiology, Labcorp, Royal Oak, MI
DENISE M. O'SULLIVAN National Measurement Laboratory, LGC, Teddington, Middlesex; School of Biosciences & Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford United Kingdom
BIJAL A. PARIKH Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
ELEANOR POWELL Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
OCTAVIO RAMILO Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
KYLE G. RODINO Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
ASHLEY M. ROONEY Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
JOHN W. A. ROSSEN Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases & Isala Academy, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
JONATHAN SANDERS G&A, Lightweight Labware, Santa Cruz, CA
MOHAMAD R. A. SATER Day Zero Diagnostics, Watertown, MA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
NATALIE SCHERFF Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
ROBERT SCHLABERG Illumina, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT
HELENA M.B. SETH-SMITH Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
PATRICIA J. SIMNER Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
DEREK D. N. SMITH Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
ARYEH SOLOMON Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
MEGHAN W. STAROLIS Department of Molecular Infectious Disease, Quest Diagnostics, Chantilly, VA
NEERAJ K. SURANA Department of Pediatrics, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Department of Cell Biology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
CHIN YEE TAN Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Medicine Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore Health...
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