Analytical Chemistry

Name: Analytical Chemistry | A Toolkit for Scientists and Laboratory Technicians
Brand: Wiley
Price: 168.99 EUR
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A Toolkit for Scientists and Laboratory Technicians

Bryan M. Ham Aihui MaHam(Autor*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

2. Auflage

Erschienen am 23. Februar 2024

688 Seiten

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978-1-119-89447-6 (ISBN)

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Beschreibung

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Detailed reference covering all aspects of working in laboratories, including safety, fundamentals of analytical techniques, lab instrumentation, and more

A comprehensive study of analytical chemistry as it pertains to the laboratory analyst and chemist, Analytical Chemistry begins with an introduction to the laboratory environment, including safety, glassware, common apparatuses, and lab basics, and continues on to guide readers through the fundamentals of analytical techniques, such as spectroscopy and chromatography, and introduce examples of laboratory programs, such as Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS).

This newly updated and revised Second Edition of Analytical Chemistry offers expanded chapters with new figures and the latest developments in the field.

Included alongside this new edition is an updated companion teaching, reference, and toolkit program called ChemTech. Conveniently available via either app or browser, the ChemTech program contains exercises that highlight and review topics covered in the book and features useful calculators and programs, including solution makers, graphing tools, and more. To aid in reader comprehension, the program also includes an interactive periodic table and chapter summaries.

Written by two highly qualified authors with significant experience in both practice and academia, Analytical Chemistry covers sample topics such as:

* Basic mathematics in the laboratory, including different units, the metric system, significant figures, scientific calculators, and ChemTech conversion tools

* Analytical data treatment, including errors in the laboratory, precision versus accuracy, normal distribution curves, and determining errors in methodology

* Plotting and graphing, including graph construction, curve fitting, graphs of specific equations, least-squares method, and computer-generated curves

* Ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy, including wave and particle theory of light, light absorption transitions, the color wheel, and pigments

With complete coverage of the practical aspects of analytical chemistry, Analytical Chemistry prepares students for a rewarding career as a chemist or a laboratory technician. Thanks to ChemTech integration, the book is also a useful and accessible reference for the established chemist or technician already working in the laboratory.

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
Chapter 1 Chemist and Technician in The Analytical Laboratory
1.1 Introduction-The Analytical Chemist and Technician
1.2 Today's Laboratory Chemist and Technician
1.2.1 Computers in the Laboratory
1.2.2 Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS)
1.3 ChemTech-The Chemist And Technician Toolkit Companion
1.3.1 Introduction to ChemTech
1.3.2 Opening ChemTech
1.3.3 Online ChemTech
1.4 Chapter Layout
1.4.1 Glassware, Chemicals, and Safety
1.4.2 Basic Math and Statistics
1.4.3 Graphing and Plotting
1.4.4 Making Laboratory Solutions
1.4.5 Titrimetric Analysis
1.4.6 Electrochemistry
1.4.7 Laboratory Information Management System (or Software) LIMS
1.4.8 Instrumental Analyses-Spectroscopy
1.4.9 Instrumental Analyses-Chromatography
1.4.10 Instrumental Analyses-Mass Spectrometry
1.4.11 Small Molecule and Macromolecule Analysis
1.5 USERS OF ChemTech
Chapter 2 Introduction to the Analytical Laboratory
2.1 Introduction to the Laboratory
2.1.1 The Scientific Method
2.2 Laboratory Glassware
2.2.1 Volumetric Flasks
2.2.2 Beakers and Erlenmeyer Flasks
2.2.3 Graduated Cylinders
2.2.4 Pipettes
2.2.5 Evaporating Dishes
2.2.6 Flames and Furnaces in the Laboratory
2.2.7 Laboratory Fume Hoods
2.2.8 Drying Ovens
2.2.9 Balances
2.2.10 Refrigerators and Freezers
2.2.11 Test Tubes
2.2.12 Soxhlet Extractions
2.2.13 Vacuum Pumps
2.3 Conclusion
Chapter 3 Laboratory Safety
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Proper Personal Protection and Appropriate Attire
3.2.1 Proper Eye Protection
3.2.2 Proper Laboratory Coats
3.3 Proper Shoes and Pants
3.4 Laboratory Gloves
3.4.1 Natural Rubber (Latex)
3.4.2 Nitrile
3.4.3 Neoprene
3.4.4 Butyl
3.4.5 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
3.4.6 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
3.4.7 Viton
3.4.8 Silver Shield/4H
3.5 General Rules to Use Gloves
3.6 Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
3.7 Emergency Eyewash and Face Wash Stations
3.8 Emergency Safety Showers
3.9 Fire Extinguishers
3.9.1 Types of Fires
3.10 Clothing Fire in The Laboratory
3.11 Spill Cleanup Kits
3.12 Chemicals and Solvents
3.13 First Aid Kits
3.14 Gasses and Cylinders
3.15 Sharps Containers and Broken Glass Boxes
3.16 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Chapter 4 Basic Mathematics in The Laboratory
4.1 Introduction to Basic Math
4.2 Units and Metric System
4.2.1 Introduction to the Metric System
4.2.2 Units of the Metric System
4.2.3 Converting the SI Units
4.3 Significant Figures
4.3.1 Significant Figure Rules
4.4 Scientific Calculators
4.4.1 Example Calculator
4.4.2 Window's Calculator
4.5 ChemTech Conversion Tool
4.5.1 Using the Conversion Tool
4.5.2 Closing the Conversion Tool
4.6 Chapter Key Concepts
4.7 Chapter Problems
Chapter 5 Analytical Data Treatment (Statistics)
5.1 Errors in the Laboratory
5.1.1 Systematic Errors
5.1.2 Random Errors
5.2 Expressing Absolute and Relative Errors
5.3 Precision
5.3.1 Precision Versus Accuracy
5.4 The Normal Distribution Curve
5.4.1 Central Tendency of Data
5.5 Precision of Experimental Data
5.5.1 The Range
5.5.2 The Average Deviation
5.5.3 The Standard Deviation
5.6 Normal Distribution Curve of a Sample
5.7 ChemTech Statistical Calculations
5.7.1 Introduction to ChemTech Statistics
5.7.2 ChemTech Chapter 5
Student's Distribution T Test For Confidence Limits
5.8.1 Accuracy
5.8.2 The Student's t Test
5.8.3 Calculating the Student's t Value
5.8.4 Probability Level
5.8.5 Online ChemTech Program for Statistics
5.8.6 Sulfate Concentration Confidence Limits
5.8.7 Sulfate t Distribution Curve
5.8.8 Determining Types of Error
5.8.9 Determining Error in Methodology
5.9 Tests of Significance
5.9.1 Difference in Means
5.9.2 Null Hypothesis
5.10 Treatment of Data Outliers
5.10.1 The Q Test
5.10.2 The Tn Test
5.11 Chapter Key Concepts
5.12 Chapter Problems
Chapter 6 Plotting and Graphing
6.1 Introduction to Graphing
6.1.1 The Invention of the Graph
6.1.2 Importance of Graphing
6.2 Graph Construction
6.2.1 Axis and Quadrants
6.3 Rectangular Cartesian Coordinate System
6.4 Curve Fitting
6.5 Redrawn Graph Example
6.6 Graphs of Equations
6.6.1 Introduction
6.6.2 Copper Sulfate Data
6.6.3 Plotting the Data
6.6.4 Best Fit Line
6.6.5 Point-Slope Equation of a Line
6.6.6 Finding the Slope (m)
6.6.7 Finding the y-Intercept (b)
6.6.8 Solving for x
6.6.9 Estimating the Slope and Intercept
6.6.10 Deriving the Equation from the Slope and Intercept
6.7 Least-Squares Method
6.7.1 Plotting Data with Scatter
6.7.2 Linear Regression
6.7.3 Curve Fitting the Data
6.8 Computer-Generated Curves
6.8.1 Using ChemTech to Plot Data
6.8.2 Entering the Data
6.8.3 Plotting the Data
6.8.4 Linear Regression of the Data
6.8.5 Adding the Best-Fit Line
6.8.6 Entering a Large Set of Data
6.9 Calculating Concentrations
6.10 Nonlinear Curve Fitting
6.11 Chapter Key Concepts
6.12 Chapter Problems
Chapter 7 Using Microsoft Excel® in the Laboratory
7.1 Introduction to Excel®
7.2 Opening Excel in ChemTech
7.3 The Excel Spreadsheet
7.3.1 Spreadsheet Menus and Quick Access Toolbars
7.4 Graphing in Excel
7.4.1 Making Column Headings
7.4.2 Entering Data into Columns
7.4.3 Saving the Spreadsheet
7.4.4 Constructing the Graph
7.4.5 Inserting a Chart
7.4.6 The Chart Source Data
7.4.7 Chart Options
7.5 Complex Charting in Excel
7.5.1 Calcium Atomic Absorption (AAS) Data
7.5.2 Entering Ca Data into Spreadsheet
7.5.3 Average and Standard Deviation
7.5.4 Using the Formula Search Function
7.5.5 Inserting the Chart
7.5.6 Formatting the Chart
7.6 Statistical Analysis using Excel
7.6.1 Open and Save Excel StatExp.xlsx
7.6.2 Sulfate Data
7.6.3 Excel Confidence Function
7.6.4 Excel Student's t Test
7.6.5 Excel Tools Data Analysis
Chapter 8 Making Laboratory Solutions
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Laboratory Reagent Fundamentals
8.3 The Periodic Table
8.3.1 Periodic Table Descriptive Windows
8.4 Calculating Formula Weights
8.5 Calculating The Mole
8.6 Molecular Weight Calculator
8.7 Expressing Concentration
8.7.1 Formal (F) Solutions
8.7.2 Molal (m) Solutions
8.7.3 Molar (M) Solutions
8.7.4 Normal (N) Solutions
8.8 The Parts PER (PP) Notation
8.9 Computer-Based Solution Calculations
8.9.1 Computer-Based Concentration Calculation-Molarity I
8.9.2 Computer-Based Concentration Calculation-Molarity II
8.9.3 Computer-Based Concentration Calculation-Normality I
8.9.4 Computer-Based Concentration Calculation-Normality II
8.10 Reactions in Solution
8.11 Chapter Key Concepts
8.12 Chapter Problems
Chapter 9 Acid-Base Theory and Buffer Solutions
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Acids and Bases in Everyday Life
9.3 The Litmus Test
9.4 Early Acid-Base Descriptions
9.5 Bronsted-Lowry Definition
9.6 The Equilibrium Constant
9.7 The Acid Ionization Constant
9.8 Calculating the Hydrogen Ion Concentration
9.9 The Base Ionization Constant
9.9.1 OH- Ion Concentration Example
9.9.2 Percent Ionization Example
9.10 Ion Product for Water
9.11 The Solubility Product Constant (KSP)
9.11.1 Solubility of Silver(I) Thiocyanate
9.11.2 Solubility of Lithium Carbonate
9.12 The pH of a Solution
9.13 Measuring The pH
9.13.1 The Glass Electrode
9.14 Buffered Solutions-Description and Preparing
9.14.1 Le Chatelier's Principle
9.14.2 Titration Curve of a Buffer
9.14.3 Natural Buffer Solutions
9.14.4 Calculating Buffer pH
9.14.5 Buffer pH Calculation I
9.15 ChemTech Buffer Solution Calculator
9.16 Chapter Key Concepts
9.17 Chapter Problems
9.17.0 Ionization Reactions and Constants
9.17.0 Calculations with Ka and Kb
9.17.0 Solubility Product Ksp Calculations
9.17.0 Calculations Involving pH
9.17.0 Buffer Solution Calculations
Chapter 10 Titration-A Volumetric Method of Analysis
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Reacting Ratios
10.3 The Equivalence Point
10.4 Useful Relationships for Calculations
10.5 Deriving the Titration Equation
10.5.1 Titration Calculation Example
10.6 Titrations in ChemTech
10.6.1 Acid/Base Titrations Using Molar Solutions
10.6.2 Titration Calculation Example
10.7 Acid/Base Titration Endpoint (Equivalence Point)
10.8 Acid/Base Titration Midpoint
10.9 Acid/Base Titration Indicators
10.9.1 The Ideal Indicator
10.10 Titrations Using Normal Solutions
10.10.1 Normal Solution Titration Example
10.11 Polyprotic Acid Titration
10.12 ChemTech Calculation of Normal Titrations
10.13 Performing a Titration
10.13.1 Titration Glassware
10.13.2 Titration Steps
10.14 Primary Standards
10.15 Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide
10.15.1 NaOH Titrant Standardization Example
10.16 Conductometric Titrations (Nonaqueous Solutions)
10.17 Precipitation Titration (MOHR Method for Halides)
10.17.1 Basic Steps in Titration
10.17.2 Important Considerations
10.18 Complex Formation with Back Titration (Volhard Method for Anions)
10.18.1 Iron(III) as Indicator
10.18.2 Chloride Titration
10.18.3 The General Calculation
10.18.4 Chloride Titration
Notes
10.18 Complex Formation Titration with EDTA for Cations
10.18.1 EDTA-Metal Ion Complex Formation
10.18.2 The Stability Constant
10.18.3 Metal Ions Titrated
10.18.4 Influence of pH
10.18.5 Buffer and Hydroxide Complexation
10.18.6 Visual Indicators
10.19 Chapter Key Concepts
10.20 Chapter Problems
10.20.0 Preparing Titration Solutions
10.20.0 Calculations with Titrations
10.20.0 Titration Concentration Calculations
Chapter 11 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Oxidation and Reduction
11.3 The Volt
11.4 The Electrochemical Cell
11.5 Redox Reaction Conventions
11.5.1 Electrode Potential Tables
11.5.2 The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)
11.5.3 The SHE Half-Reaction
11.5.4 Writing the Standard Electrode Potentials
11.5.5 Drawing a Galvanic Cell
11.5.6 Calculating the Cell Potential
11.6 The Nernst Equation
11.6.1 Nernst Equation Example I
11.6.2 Nernst Equation Example II
11.6.3 Nernst Equation Example III
11.7 Determining Redox Titration Endpoints
11.8 Potentiometric Titrations
11.8.1 Detailed Potentiometer
11.8.2 Half-Reactions
11.8.3 The Nernst Equation
11.8.4 Assumed Reaction Completion
11.8.5 Calculated Potentials of Ce4+
11.9 Visual Indicators used in Redox Titrations
11.10 Pretitration Oxidation-Reduction
11.10.1 Reducing Agents
11.10.2 Oxidizing Agents
11.11 Ion-Selective Electrodes
11.12 Chapter Key Concepts
11.13 Chapter Problems
Chapter 12 Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS)
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Lims Main Menu
12.3 Logging in Samples
12.4 Entering Test Results
12.5 Add or Delete Tests
12.6 Calculations and Curves
12.7 Search Wizards
12.7.1 Searching Archived Samples
12.7.2 General Search
12.7.3 Viewing Current Open Samples
12.8 Approving Samples
12.9 Printing Sample Reports
Chapter 13 Ultraviolet and Visible (UV/VIS) Spectroscopy
13.1 Introduction to Spectroscopy in the Analytical Laboratory
13.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
13.3 Ultraviolet/Visible (UV/VIS) Spectroscopy
13.3.1 Wave and Particle Theory of Light
13.3.2 Light Absorption Transitions
13.3.3 The Color Wheel
13.3.4 Pigments
13.3.5 Inorganic Elemental Analysis
13.3.6 The Azo Dyes
13.3.7 UV-Visible Absorption Spectra
13.3.8 Beer's Law
13.4 UV/Visible Spectrophotometers
13.5 Special Topic (Example)-Spectrophotometric Study of Dye Compounds
13.5.1 Introduction
13.5.2 Experimental Setup for Special Topic Discussion
13.5.3 UV/Vis Study of the Compounds and Complexes
13.6 Chapter Key Concepts
13.7 Chapter Problems
Chapter 14 Fluorescence Optical Emission Spectroscopy
14.1 Introduction to Fluorescence
14.2 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Theory
14.2.1 Radiant Energy Absorption
14.2.2 Fluorescence Principle-Jablonski Diagram
14.2.3 Excitation and Electron Spin States
14.3 Phosphorescence
14.4 Excitation and Emission Spectra
14.5 Rate Constants
14.5.1 Emission Times
14.5.2 Relative Rate Constants (k)
14.6 Quantum Yield Rate Constants
14.7 Decay Lifetimes
14.8 Factors Affecting Fluorescence
14.8.1 Excitation Wavelength (Instrumental)
14.8.2 Light Source (Instrumental)
14.8.3 Filters, Optics, and Detectors (Instrumental)
14.8.4 Cuvettes and Cells (Instrumental)
14.8.5 Structure (Sample)
14.9 Quantitative Analysis and Beer-Lambert Law
14.10 Quenching of Fluorescence
14.11 Fluorometric Instrumentation
14.11.1 Spectrofluorometer
14.11.2 Multidetection Microplate Reader
14.11.3 Digital Fluorescence Microscopy
14.12 Special Topic-Fluorescence Study of Dye-A007 Complexes
14.13 Chapter Key Concepts
14.14 Chapter Problems
Chapter 15 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basic IR Instrument Design
15.3 The Infrared Spectrum and Molecular Assignment
15.4 FTIR Table Band Assignments
15.5 FTIR Spectrum Example I
15.6 FTIR Spectrum Example II
15.7 FTIR Inorganic Compound Analysis
15.8 Chapter Key Concepts
15.9 Chapter Problems
Chapter 16 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Frequency and Magnetic Field Strength
16.3 Continuous-Wave NMR
16.4 The NMR Sample Probe
16.5 Pulsed-Field Fourier Transform NMR
16.6 Proton NMR Spectra Environmental Effects
16.6.1 Chemical Shift
16.6.2 Spin-Spin Splitting (Coupling)
16.6.3 Interpretation of NMR Spectra
16.7 Carbon-13 NMR
16.7.1 Introduction
16.7.2 Carbon-13 Chemical Shift
16.7.3 Carbon-13 Splitting
16.7.4 Finding the Number of Carbons
16.7.5 Carbon-13 NMR Examples
16.8 Special Topic-NMR Characterization of Cholesteryl Phosphate
16.8.1 Synthesis of Cholesteryl Phosphate
16.8.2 Single-Stage and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
16.8.3 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR)
16.8.4 Theoretical NMR Spectroscopy
16.8.5 Structure Elucidation
16.9 Chapter Key Concepts
16.10 Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 17 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Atomic Absorption and Emission Process
17.3 Atomic Absorption and Emission Source
17.4 Source Gases and Flames
17.5 Block Diagram of AAS Instrumentation
17.6 The Light Source
17.7 Interferences in AAS
17.8 Electrothermal Atomization-Graphite Furnace
17.9 Instrumentation
17.10 Flame Atomic Absorption Analytical Methods
Chapter 18 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Elements in Periodic Table
18.3 The Plasma Torch
18.4 Sample Types
18.5 Sample Introduction
18.6 ICP-OES Instrumentation
18.6.1 Radially Viewed System
18.6.2 Axially Viewed System
18.6.3 Ergonomic Sample Introduction System
18.6.4 Innovative Optical Design
18.6.5 Advanced CID Camera Technology
18.7 ICP-OES Environmental Application Example
Chapter 19 Atomic Mass Spectrometry
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Low-Resolution ICP-MS
19.2.1 The PerkinElmer NexION® 350 ICP-MS
19.2.2 Interface and Quadrupole Ion Deflector (QID)
19.2.3 The Collision/Reaction Cell
19.2.4 Quadrupole Mass Filter
19.3 High-Resolution ICP-MS
Chapter 20 X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
20.1 X-Ray Fluorescence Introduction
20.2 X-Ray Fluorescence Theory
20.3 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF)
20.3.1 EDXRF Instrumentation
20.3.2 Commercial Instrumentation
20.4 Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (WDXRF)
20.4.1 Introduction
20.4.2 WDXRF Instrumentation
20.5 Applications of XRF
20.6 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
20.6.1 Introduction
20.6.2 X-Ray Crystallography
20.6.3 Bragg's Law
20.6.4 Diffraction Patterns
20.6.5 The Goniometer
20.6.6 XRD Spectra
Chapter 21 Chromatography-Introduction and Theory
21.1 Preface
21.2 Introduction to Chromatography
21.3 Theory of Chromatography
21.4 The Theoretical Plate Number N
21.5 Resolution Rs
21.6 Rate Theory Versus Plate Theory
21.6.1 Multiple Flow Paths or Eddy Diffusion (A Coefficient)
21.6.2 Longitudinal (Molecular) Diffusion (B Coefficient)
21.6.3 Mass Transfer Resistance between Phases (CS and CM Coefficients)
21.7 Retention Factor k´
References
Chapter 22 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
22.1 HPLC Background
22.2 Design and Components of HPLC
22.2.1 HPLC Pump
22.2.2 HPLC Columns
22.2.3 HPLC Detectors
22.2.4 HPLC Fraction Collector
22.2.5 Current Commercially Available HPLC Systems
22.2.6 Example of HPLC Analyses
Chapter 23 Solid-Phase Extraction
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Disposable SPE Columns
23.3 SPE Vacuum Manifold
23.4 SPE Procedural Bulletin
Chapter 24 Plane Chromatography: Paper and Thin-Layer Chromatography
24.1 Plane Chromatography
24.2 Thin-Layer Chromatography
24.3 Retardation Factor (RF) In TLC
24.3.1 Example I
24.3.2 Example II
24.4 Plate Heights (H) and Counts (N) In TLC
24.5 Retention Factor In TLC
Chapter 25 Gas-Liquid Chromatography
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Theory and Principle of GC
25.3 Mobile-Phase Carrier Gasses in GC
25.4 Columns and Stationary Phases
25.5 Gas Chromatograph Injection Port
25.5.1 Injection Port Septa
25.5.2 Injection Port Sleeve (Liner)
25.5.3 Injection Port Flows
25.5.4 Packed Column Injection Port
25.5.5 Capillary Column Split Injection Port
25.5.6 Capillary Column Splitless Injection Port
25.6 The GC Oven
25.7 GC Programming and Control
25.8 GC Detectors
25.8.1 Flame Ionization Detector (FID)
25.8.2 Electron Capture Detector (ECD)
25.8.3 Flame Photometric Detector (FPD)
25.8.4 Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector (NPD)
25.8.5 Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD)
Chapter 26 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Electron Ionization (EI)
26.3 Electron Ionization (EI)/OE Processes
26.4 Oleamide Fragmentation Pathways: OE M+· by Gas Chromatography/Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry
26.5 Oleamide Fragmentation Pathways: EE [M+H]+ by ESI/ION Trap Mass Spectrometry
26.6 Quantitative Analysis by GC/EI-MS
26.7 Chapter Problems
26.7.1 Methyl Oleate EI Mass Spectrum
26.7.2 Problem: Lithiated Monopentadecanoin Product Ion Spectrum
References
Chapter 27 Special Topics: Strong Cation Exchange Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis
27.1 Introduction
27.1.1 Overview and Comparison of HPLC and CZE
27.2 Strong Ion Exchange HPLC
27.3 CZE
27.3.1 Electroosmotic Flow (EOF)
27.3.2 Applications of CZE
27.4 Binding Constants by Cation Exchange and CZE
27.4.1 Ranking of Binding Constants
27.4.2 Experimental Setup
27.4.3 UV/Vis Study of the Compounds and Complexes
27.4.4 Fluorescence Study of the Dye/A007 Complexes
27.4.5 Computer Modeling of the Complex
27.4.6 Cation Exchange Liquid Chromatography Results
27.4.7 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)
27.5 Comparison of Methods
27.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 28 Mass Spectrometry
28.1 Definition and Description of Mass Spectrometry
28.2 Basic Design of Mass Analyzer Instrumentation
28.3 Mass Spectrometry of Protein, Metabolite, and Lipid Biomolecules
28.3.1 Proteomics
28.3.2 Metabolomics
28.3.3 Lipidomics
28.4 Fundamental Studies of Biological Compound Interactions
28.5 Mass-to-Charge (m/z) Ratio: How the Mass Spectrometer Separates Ions
28.6 Exact Mass Versus Nominal Mass
28.7 Mass Accuracy and Resolution
28.8 High-Resolution Mass Measurements
28.9 Rings Plus Double Bonds (r?+?db)
28.10 The Nitrogen Rule in Mass Spectrometry
28.11 Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 29 Ionization in Mass Spectrometry
29.1 Ionization Techniques and Sources
29.2 Chemical Ionization (CI)
29.2.1 Positive CI
29.2.2 Negative CI
29.3 Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI)
29.4 Electrospray Ionization (ESI)
29.5 Nanoelectrospray Ionization (NANO-ESI)
29.6 Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization (APPI)
29.6.1 APPI Mechanism
29.6.2 APPI VUV Lamps
29.6.3 APPI Sources
29.6.4 Comparison of ESI and APPI
29.7 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI)
29.8 FAB
29.8.1 Application of FAB Versus EI
29.9 Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 30 Mass Analyzers in Mass Spectrometry
30.1 Mass Analyzers
30.2 Magnetic and Electric Sector Mass Analyzer
30.3 Time-of-Flight Mass Analyzer (TOF/MS)
30.4 Time-of-Flight/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (TOF-TOF/MS)
30.5 Quadrupole Mass Filter
30.6 Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (QQQ/MS)
30.7 Three-Dimensional Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer (QIT/MS)
30.8 Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer (LTQ/MS)
30.9 Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (Q-TOF/MS)
30.10 Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer (FTICR/MS)
30.10.1 Introduction
30.10.2 FTICR Mass Analyzer
30.10.3 FTICR Trapped Ion Behavior
30.10.4 Cyclotron and Magnetron Ion Motion
30.10.5 Basic Experimental Sequence
30.11 Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometer (LTQ-FT/MS)
30.12 Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer (LTQ-Orbitrap/MS)
30.13 Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 31 Biomolecule Spectral Interpretation: Small Molecules
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Ionization Efficiency of Lipids
31.3 Fatty Acids
31.3.1 Negative Ion Mode Electrospray Behavior of Fatty Acids
31.4 Wax Esters
31.4.1 Oxidized Wax Esters
31.4.2 Oxidation of Monounsaturated Wax Esters by Fenton Reaction
31.5 Sterols
31.5.1 Synthesis of Cholesteryl Phosphate
31.5.2 Single-Stage and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
31.5.3 Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR)
31.5.4 Theoretical NMR Spectroscopy
31.5.5 Structure Elucidation
31.6 Acylglycerols
31.6.1 Analysis of Monopentadecanoin
31.6.2 Analysis of 1,3-Dipentadecanoin
31.6.3 Analysis of Triheptadecanoin
31.7 Esi-Mass Spectrometry of Phosphorylated Lipids
31.7.1 Electrospray Ionization Behavior of Phosphorylated Lipids
31.7.2 Positive Ion Mode ESI of Phosphorylated Lipids
31.7.3 Negative Ion Mode ESI of Phosphorylated Lipids
31.8 Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 32 Macromolecule Analysis
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Carbohydrates
32.2.1 Ionization of Oligosaccharides
32.2.2 Carbohydrate Fragmentation
32.2.3 Complex Oligosaccharide Structural Elucidation
32.3 Nucleic Acids
32.3.1 Negative Ion Mode ESI of a Yeast 76-mer tRNAPhe
32.3.2 Positive Ion Mode MALDI Analysis
32.4 Chapter Problems
References
Chapter 33 Biomolecule Spectral Interpretation: Proteins
33.1 Introduction to Proteomics
33.2 Protein Structure and Chemistry
33.3 Bottom-Up Proteomics: Mass Spectrometry of Peptides
33.3.1 History and Strategy
33.3.2 Protein Identification through Product Ion Spectra
33.3.3 High-Energy Product Ions
33.3.4 De Novo Sequencing
33.3.5 Electron Capture Dissociation
33.4 Top-Down Proteomics: Mass Spectrometry of Intact Proteins
33.4.1 Background
33.4.2 GP Basicity and Protein Charging
33.4.3 Calculation of Charge State and Molecular Weight
33.4.4 Top-Down Protein Sequencing
33.5 PTM of Proteins
33.5.1 Three Main Types of PTM
33.5.2 Glycosylation of Proteins
33.5.3 Phosphorylation of Proteins
33.5.4 Sulfation of Proteins
33.6 Systems Biology and Bioinformatics
33.6.1 Biomarkers in Cancer
33.7 Chapter Problems
References
APPENDIX I Chapter Problem Answers
APPENDIX II Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions
APPENDIX III Fundamental Physical Constants
APPENDIX IV Redox Half-Reactions
APPENDIX V Periodic Table of Elements
APPENDIX VI Installing and Running Programs
Index
EULA

Systemvoraussetzungen

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