Trepanation, Trephining and Craniotomy

PART I INTRODUCTION. TREPAN, TREPHINE AND CRANIOTOMY.- 1 An overview.- 2 Semantic features.- PART II. MAGIC TIMES. TREPANATION IN PRIMITIVE CULTURES.- 3 Facts and myths of primitive trepanations.- 4 Techniques and tools for primitive trepanations.- 5 The question of survival.- 6 Historical and geographical areas.- PART III. ORIGINS. TREPANATION IN CLASSICAL MEDITERRANEAN CULTURES.- 7 The first documented report of the surgical trepanation appears in the Corpus Hippocraticum.- 8 Greco-Roman surgical instruments for trepanation.- 9 Greco-Roman technique of trepanation.- 10 Greco-Roman indications for trepanation.- PART IV. DARK TIMES. TREPANATION IN THE MIDDLE AGES. 11 Trepanation in the medieval Islamic and Christian cultures.- PART V. LIGHTS AND SHADOWS. TREPANATION AND TREPHINE IN MODERN EUROPEAN CULTURES.- 12 Surgical instruments for trepanation and trephine.- 13 Trepanation during the sixteenth-seventeenth centuries.- 14 Paré, Della Croce, Alcázar and other relevant European surgeons in trepanation over the sixteenth-seventeenth centuries.- 15 Trepanation out of Europe: New World and Japan.- 16 Trepanation during the eighteenth century: to trepan or not to trepan.- 17 Trepanation during the nineteenth century.- 18 Trepanation at war times (1): Napoleonic Wars and North American Civil War.- 19 The question of the high mortality of trepanation and trephine.- 20 Evolution of the surgical technique of the trepanation and trephine.- 21 Evolution of the surgical instruments for trepanation and trephine.- 22 Evolution of the indications for trepanation and trephine.- 23 'State-of the-art' of the cranial opening in the second half of the nineteenth century.- 24 Trepanation and trephine: Illustrative cases.- PART VI. MODERN TIMES. HISTORY OF THE CRANIOTOMY.- 25 Wagner's seminal temporary cranial resection and its initial improvements.- 26 Doyen, an innovative French surgeon and enthusiastic about the craniotomy.- 27 Some surgeons reluctant to change from trepanation tocraniotomy.- 28 Surgical instruments for craniotomy and the victory of the humble Gigli's saw.- 29 Early development: pedicle bone flap osteoplastic craniotomy.- 30 Late development: free bone flap osteoplastic craniotomy.- 31 Evolution of indications of craniotomy.- 32 Craniotomy at war times (2): World War I and World War II.- 33 Craniotomy: Illustrative cases.- 34 'State-of -the art' of the craniotomy in the early twenty-first century and future developments.