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Understand the technology that has reshaped global communication.
Wireless communication has transformed virtually every area of global technology, interaction, and commerce. The flow of information between transmitter and receiver without the aid of wires or cables has placed online and network communication on a revolutionary new footing, with ramifications that are still being felt. No communications or information professional can be without a working knowledge of this area of technology.
Energy Fundamentals of Radio provides an accessible, readable overview of this critical subject. It emphasizes the fundamental realities of wireless communication with respect to energy use and energy tradeoffs, surveys the major theories underlying wireless technology, and analyzes key 5G techniques that can minimize energy consumption. The result promises to be a standard introduction to the field.
Energy Fundamentals of Radio readers will also find:
Energy Fundamentals of Radio is ideal for any communications, networking, or information professional looking for a one-stop reference on wireless technology.
Joel L. Dawson, PhD, is an entrepreneur and former MIT professor in the EECS department. He is currently President and CEO of The Dawson Group, Inc., and Founder and CEO of TalkingHeads Wireless, Inc. He serves on the Board of Advisors for the Museum of Science, Boston, USA. His publications include numerous scholarly articles on wireless communications and related subjects, numerous patents, and two other books on foundational electrical engineering topics.
Contents
List of illustrations page
List of tables
1 A First Look at a Radio Link
1.1 Introduction
1.2 A Radio Link: The Basic Parts
1.3 On Using Nature's Laws to Build Machines
1.4 The Key Natural Law for Radio Communications
1.5 A Simple Radio Transmitter and Receiver
1.6 The Most Important Question in Engineering
1.7 Overview of this Book
2 Highlights from Linear System Theory
2.1 What Are "Signals," Come to Think of It?
2.2 Representing Signals in the Time Domai
2.2.1 Continuous-time Representations
2.2.2 Discrete-time Representations
2.2.3 Sampling, and Hazards Thereof
2.2.4 Discretizing Amplitude, and the Concept of Bits
2.3 Representing Signals in the Frequency Domain
2.3.1 On the Centrality of Exponentials and Sinusoids in Linear System Theory
2.3.2 The Fourier Series
2.3.3 The Fourier Transform
2.3.4 In Praise of Discretized Representations: The DFT (or FFT)
2.4 Parseval's Theorem and Signal Energy
2.4.1 Signal Energy and Power for Time Domain Signals
2.4.2 Deriving Parseval's Theorem
2.4.3 The Concept of Power Spectral Density
2.4.4 Noise and Energy Spectral Density 6
2.5 Bandwidth Equals Speed: The Uncertainty Principle
2.5.1 Deriving the Uncertainty Principle
2.5.2 Implications of the Uncertainty Principle for Communications 7
3 The Least You Need to Know About Analog Electronics 8
3.1 The RC Circuit 8
3.1.1 Time Domain Behavior 8
3.1.2 Frequency Domain Behavior 8
3.1.3 Energy Considerations for RC Circuits 8
3.2 The Resistive Load: When You Have to Deliver Energy 9
3.2.1 Maximum Power Transfer 9
3.2.2 That Said...The Best Way to Transfer Power Is Not To Have a Source Impedance At All
3.2.3 The Power to Drive a Resistor Is Linear in B
3.3 The Parallel RLC Circuit
3.3.1 Time Domain Behavior
3.3.2 Frequency Domain Behavior
3.3.3 Energy Considerations, and Q
3.4 Energy Considerations Summary
4 Noise in Communications Systems
4.1 The Importance of Thermal Noise
4.1.1 The Equipartition Theorem for Circuits
4.1.2 All Objects Radiate...
4.1.3 ...But You'll Only Notice This Using Radio Telescopes
4.2 Dealing with Probabilistic Signals
4.2.1 "Normal" or Gaussian Distributions
4.2.2 The Meaning of Correlation
4.2.3 The Meaning of Autocorrelation
4.2.4 Autocorrelation and Power Spectral Density as Fourier Transform Pairs
4.3 Characteristics of Thermal Noise in Circuits
4.3.1 In the Frequency Domain
4.3.2 In the Time Domain
4.4 What Happens When Noise Gets Filtered
4.5 What Happens When Noise Gets Averaged
4.5.1 Notice How Uncorrelated Noise Sources Combine
4.6 Harmonizing Averaging and Filtering
4.7 The All-Important Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
4.8 The Effective Number of Bits, or ENOB
4.9 The RC Circuit as a Noisy System
4.10 The Thermal Noise Floor in Radio Receivers
5 Understanding the Shannon Limit
5.1 Putting the Shannon Limit to Work
5.1.1 Exploring the Shannon Limit with Numbers
5.1.2 Using the Shannon Limit
5.1.3 Repeat: We Do Require Energy to Move Bits Through a Network!
5.2 Detecting Signals Buried in Noise
5.2.1 Using Correlation to Extract Signal from Noise
5.2.2 Correlation Based Detection
5.3 Shannon Warmup Problem: Reading a Capacitor Voltage
5.3.1 Noise Variance and Error Rate
5.3.2 Averaging, to Drive the Error Rate Low
5.3.3 A Way Out: Doing Measurements in Batches
5.4 Arriving at the Shannon Limit
5.4.1 How Many Samples Do We Need for a Bandlimited Signal?
5.4.2 The Final Result
5.4.3 A Note on the Geometry of Low SNRs
5.5 Chapter Summary
6 Digital Modulation Basics
6.1 Modulating a Carrier
6.2 Spectral Efficiency is Important
6.2.1 Pulse Shaping to Stay Within Our Spectral Boundaries
6.2.2 We Often Avoid Constant Envelope Modulation...
6.2.3 ...Except When Energy is More Scarce than Spectrum
6.2.4 Navigating the Modulation Alphabet Soup
6.2.5 OFDM: A Powerful Technique for Sharing Network Resources
6.3 Error Correction Codes
6.4 Are Our Modulation Techniques Optimal?
7 Selected Topics in Electromagnetic Theory
7.1 Action at a Distance is Weird
7.1.1 Forces on Charges: How We Know There is an Electric Field
7.1.2 The Electric Field of a Point Charge at Rest
7.1.3 Forces on Charges: How We Know There is a Magnetic Field
7.1.4 The Magnetic Field of a Current Element
7.1.5 Frame of Reference, and E vs. B Fields
7.2 We Use Maxwell's Equations when Fields are not Static
7.2.1 Maxwell's Equations in Integral Form
7.2.2 Divergence and Curl
7.2.3 Maxwell's Equations in Differential Form
7.3 General Wave Solutions of Maxwell's Equations
7.4 A Wave Solution of Particular Interest
7.5 Electromagnetic Fields and Energy
7.5.1 Energy Associated with Static Fields
7.5.2 Poynting Flux: When Field Energy is On the Move
7.5.3 Poynting Flux and the Humble Resistor
7.6 Accelerating Charges: Why We Can Have Wireless Links
7.7 Electromagnetic Theory Summary
8 The Least You Need to Know About Antennas
8.1 The Friis Equation
8.2 Focus on SNR Rather Than Received Power
8.3 The Hertzian Dipole
8.3.1 The Hertzian Dipole as it is Usually Analyzed
8.3.2 The Hertzian Dipole as Accelerating Charges
8.3.3 Field Strengths are Solely a Function of Transmit Power
8.4 A Friis-like Equation for the SNR in a Wireless Link
8.5 A First Look at Friis and the Shannon Limit
8.6 A Few Loose Ends
9 A Note on Linear Algebra
9.1 What Problem Are We Solving with a Matrix?
9.2 The Mechanics of Matrices
9.3 A Few Facts About Matrices
9.4 Orthonormal Basis Vectors
9.5 Matrix Inversion
9.6 The Singular Value Decomposition
9.7 Least Squares
9.8 The FFT and the IFFT
10 Multiple Antennas in Wireless Links
10.1 Spatial Diversity to Combat Fading
10.2 Beamforming Basics
10.2.1 Calculating the Beam Width
10.2.2 Steering the Beam
10.2.3 Synthesizing a Radiation Pattern
10.2.4 On Getting Overly Excited About Beamforming
10.3 Spatial Multiplexing for Single User MIMO
11 Transmitter Structures
11.1 The Miller Effect in Amplifiers
11.2 Filters
11.2.1 The Impulse Response
11.2.2 Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters
11.2.3 Other Filter Implementations
11.3 A Note on Frequency Synthesis
11.3.1 The Problem of Matching Carrier Frequencies
11.3.2 Phase-Locked Loops, and Frequency Synthesis
11.4 Power Amplifiers
11.4.1 Power Amplifier Preliminaries
11.4.2 Nonlinearity in Signal Chains
11.4.3 The Linearity/Efficiency Tradeoff
11.4.4 Doherty, a Highly Successful Power Amplifier Technique
11.4.5 Backoff: Doherty's Achilles Heel
11.4.6 Envelope Tracking: Don't Do This
11.4.7 Discrete Supply Modulation
11.4.8 Efficiency Metrics for Power Amplifiers
11.5 A Primer on Heatsinks
12 Energy and the Shannon Limit
12.1 An Energy Scaling Rule for Wireless Links
12.1.1 An Example Calculation
12.1.2 When to Use a Scaling Rule Instead of Straight Calculation?
12.1.3 Performance Requires Power in Electronic Machines
12.2 The Whole Fun of Radio is Not Knowing Where Everybody Is
12.3 Spectral Efficiency vs. Energy Efficiency
12.4 On the Finiteness of Spectral Real Estate
12.5 When Energy Consumption is not Central, it Grows
Appendix References for Discrete Supply Modulation
A.1 Overall Architecture
A.2 Power Management
A.3 Digital Predistortion
A.4 Early Papers and Patents (MIT)
Notes
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