Transactions of Minors in English and German Law

Name: Transactions of Minors in English and German Law
Brand: Mohr Siebeck
Price: 79.0 EUR
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Carlo Brunold(Autor*in)

Mohr Siebeck (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen im Juli 2024

XX, 236 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover
Title
Preface
Survey of Contents
Table of Contents
Abbreviations and Referencing
German Terminology
Chapter 1: Introduction
I. The Meaning of 'Transactions of Minors'
II. Minors, Parents and the State
III. Further 'Classes' of Vulnerable Persons
IV. A Comparative Legal Analysis
1. English and German Law in Comparison
2. 'Functions' of Minority
3. Structure and Scope of Inquiry
V. Current Developments
VI. Note on Terminology
1. 'Capacity'
2. Parents
3. Property, Rights or Assets
4. Void, Voidable or Unenforceable
Chapter 2: Contractual Liability
I. Contractual Liability and Minority in German Law
1. Capacity (Geschäftsfähigkeit) in General
a) Structure of the BGB
b) Legal Acts (Rechtsgeschäfte)
c) Declarations of Intention (Willenserklärungen)
d) Incapacity (Geschäftsunfähigkeit) of Very Young Children
e) Limited Capacity
f) Summary: the General Rule under German Law
2. Exceptions to the General Rule
a) Legally Solely Beneficial Transactions under § 107 BGB
b) Pocket Money under § 110 BGB
c) Independent Conduct of Business under § 112 BGB
d) Employment, § 113 BGB
3. Delictual Liability of Minors in Contractual Settings
II. Contractual Liability and Minority in English Law
1. The 'General Rule'
a) The Common Law Position
b) Ratification upon Majority
c) The Infants Relief Act 1874
d) A Minimum Age to Enter into Contracts under English Law?
e) Summary: the General Rule under English Law
2. Exceptions to the General Rule
a) Contracts for Necessary Goods
b) Service Contracts
c) Contracts Analogous to Beneficial Contracts of Service
d) Contracts Imposing Ongoing Obligations
3. Tortious Liability of Minors in Contractual Settings
III. Comparative Analysis
1. Protection from Liability
2. Capacity of other 'Classes' of Persons: a Uniform Concept?
3. Protection from Promises and Impairment of Intention
4. Pragmatism versus Abstraction
Chapter 3: Transfers of Rights
I. Transfers of Rights and Minority in German Law
1. Obligatory and Dispository Transactions
2. Transfers of Rights under the 'General Rule'
3. 'Legally Solely Beneficial' Transfers under § 107 BGB
4. Transfers of Pocket Money under § 110 BGB
5. Partial Capacity under §§ 112, 113 BGB
II. Transfers of Rights and Minority in English Law
1. Transfers of Rights to Movables and Minority
a) Possession
b) Transfer of Title
c) Sale of Goods
d) Deed
2. Assignments and Minority
3. Trusts and Minority
4. Very Young Children
III. Comparative Analysis
1. Coherence of 'Minority' in Contract and Property
2. The Policies Underlying Minority
a) Protection against Dispositions of Property?
b) Third Parties' Interests
c) No Uniform Policies Underlying Contractual Incapacity
3. Gifts to Minors
4. The 'Status' of Minority
Chapter 4: Restitution of Unjust or Unjustified Enrichment
I. Unjustified Enrichment and Minority in German Law
1. Overview of the 'Absence of Basis' Approach
a) Transfers and 'Non-Transfers'
b) Enrichment
c) No Legal Basis
d) No Bar to the Claim and No Defence
2. Reasons for an Absence of Legal Basis
a) Contractual Incapacity
b) Further Reasons for an Absence of Legal Basis
3. Knowledge that Performance is Not Owed
4. Disenrichment and Minority
a) Changes in a Minor's Wealth
b) 'Bad Faith' as to the Absence of Legal Basis
5. Restitution of Executed Reciprocal Contracts
II. Unjust Enrichment and Minority in English Law
1. Statutory Remedies for Restitution from Minors
a) Sale of Goods Act 1979
b) Minors' Contracts Act 1987
2. Unjust Enrichment and Minority
a) Overview of the 'Unjust Factor Approach'
(i) Enrichment
(ii) At the Claimant's Expense
(iii) Unjust
(iv) No Defence
b) No Legal Basis
c) Relevant Unjust Factors
(i) Total Failure of Consideration
(ii) Minority Not an Unjust Factor
(iii) Undue Influence
(iv) Unconscionable Bargains
(v) Further Unjust Factors
d) Defences
(i) Minority as a Defence
(ii) Change of Position
e) Restitution of Executed Reciprocal Contracts
III. Comparative Analysis
1. Minority as a Ground for Restitution
2. A Uniform Ground for Restitution
3. Restitution of Executed Reciprocal Contracts
4. Minority as Policy-Based Protection from Liability
a) The Flugreise Decision
b) R Leslie Ltd v Sheill: Fraud by Minors
c) Abrogating the ex contractu Defence?
d) Interests of Adults and Legal Certainty
5. 'Contractual Capacity' Terminologically Inapt
Chapter 5: Minority, Parents and the State
I. The Role of Parents
1. Parental Care in Germany
a) Parental Statutory Authority
b) Parental Rights and Duties as to Children's Assets
c) Assets 'Belonging to' Children
d) Limitation on the Imposition of Liability on Minors, § 1629a BGB
2. Parental Responsibility in England
a) No Statutory Agency of Parents
b) Parental Responsibility as to Children's Property
c) Parental Duties Relating to Property 'Belonging to' a Child
d) Property Held by Children
II. The Role of the State
1. The Role of the Family Court in Germany
a) Authorisation by the Family Court
b) Court Orders
2. The Family Court and the High Court in England
a) 'Section 8 Orders'
b) The High Court's Inherent Jurisdiction
III. Comparative Analysis
1. Coherence between Parental Powers and Minors' Capacity
2. Reasons for the Extensive Powers of German Parents
3. Relationship between Parents and their Children's Property
4. Merits of Parental Powers Relating to Minors' Transactions
a) Evaluation of the Concept of Parental Statutory Authority
b) Parents' Role in Minors' Creditworthiness
c) Mitigating the Risk of Parental Authority
5. Merits of Measures Taken by Courts
a) Monitoring
b) Authorising
c) Intervening
Chapter 6: Conclusion
I. Policies Underlying Minority
1. Liability of Minors
2. Transfers of Rights
3. Restitution of Minors' Transactions
4. Interests of Third Parties
II. Very Young Minors
III. Other 'Classes' of Vulnerable Persons
IV. The Role of Parents
V. The Role of the State
VI. Further Aspects
1. Abstract versus Individual Protection
2. Legal Terminology and Clarity
3. 'Functional Equivalence' and 'Contractual Capacity'
Bibliography
Other Sources
Tables of Cases
England and other Common Law Jurisdictions
Germany
Tables of Statutes
UK Statutory Law
German Statutory Law
Further Statutory Law
Index

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