Biotechnology of Microbial Enzymes

1. Biotechnology of microbial enzymes: production, biocatalysis, and industrial applications-an overviewGoutam Brahmachari 1.1 Introduction 1.2 An overview of the book 1.2.1 Chapter 2 1.2.2 Chapter 3 1.2.3 Chapter 4 1.2.4 Chapter 5 1.2.5 Chapter 6 1.2.6 Chapter 7 1.2.7 Chapter 8 1.2.8 Chapter 9 1.2.9 Chapter 10 1.2.10 Chapter 11 1.2.11 Chapter 12 1.2.12 Chapter 13 1.2.13 Chapter 14 1.2.14 Chapter 15 1.2.15 Chapter 16 1.2.16 Chapter 17 1.2.17 Chapter 18 1.2.18 Chapter 19 1.2.19 Chapter 20 1.2.20 Chapter 21 1.2.21 Chapter 22 1.2.22 Chapter 23 1.2.23 Chapter 24 1.2.24 Chapter 25 1.2.25 Chapter 261.3 Concluding remarks 2. Useful microbial enzymes-an introductionBeatriz Ruiz-Villafän, Romina Rodri¿guez-Sanoja and Sergio Sänchez 2.1 The enzymes: a class of useful biomolecules 2.2 Microbial enzymes for industry 2.3 Improvement of enzymes 2.4 Discovery of new enzymes 2.5 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments Abbreviations References 3. Production, purification, and application of microbial enzymes Anil Kumar Patel, Cheng-Di Dong, Chiu-Wen Chen, Ashok Pandey and Reeta Rani Singhania 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Production of microbial enzymes 3.2.1 Enzyme production in industries 3.2.2 Industrial enzyme production technology 3.3 Strain improvements 3.3.1 Mutation 3.3.2 Recombinant DNA technology 3.3.3 Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 technology 3.3.4 Protein engineering 3.4 Downstream processing/enzyme purification 3.5 Product formulations 3.6 Global enzyme market scenarios 3.7 Industrial applications of enzymes 3.7.1 Food industry 3.7.2 Textile industry 3.7.3 Detergent industry 3.7.4 Pulp and paper industry 3.7.5 Animal feed industry 3.7.6 Leather industry 3.7.7 Biofuel from biomass 3.7.8 Enzyme applications in the chemistry and pharma sectors 3.8 Concluding remarks Abbreviations References 4. Solid-state fermentation for the production of microbial cellulasesSudhanshu S. Behera, Ankush Kerketta and Ramesh C. Ray 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Solid-state fermentation 4.2.1 Comparative aspects of solid-state and submerged fermentations 4.2.2 Cellulase-producing microorganisms in solid-state fermentation 4.2.3 Extraction of microbial cellulase in solid-state fermentation 4.2.4 Measurement of cellulase activity in solid-state fermentation 4.3 Lignocellulosic residues/wastes as solid substrates in solid-state fermentation 4.4 Pretreatment of agricultural residues 4.4.1 Physical pretreatments 4.4.2 Physiochemical pretreatment 4.4.3 Chemical pretreatments 4.4.4 Biological pretreatment 4.5 Environmental factors affecting microbial cellulase production in solid-state fermentation 4.5.1 Water activity/moisture content 4.5.2 Temperature 4.5.3 Mass transfer processes: aeration and nutrient diffusion 4.5.4 Substrate particle size 4.5.5 Other factors 4.6 Strategies to improve production of microbial cellulase 4.6.1 Metabolic engineering and strain improvement 4.6.2 Recombinant strategy (heterologous cellulase expression) 4.6.3 Mixed-culture (coculture) systems 4.7 Fermenter (bioreactor) design for cellulase production in solid-state fermentation 4.7.1 Tray bioreactor 4.7.2 Packed bed reactor 4.7.3 Rotary drum bioreactor 4.7.4 Fluidized bed reactor 4.8 Biomass conversions and application of microbial cellulase 4.8.1 Textile industry 4.8.2 Laundry and detergent 4.8.3 Paper and pulp industry 4.8.4 Bioethanol and biofuel production 4.8.5 Food industry 4.8.6 Agriculture 4.9 Concluding remarks Abbreviations References 5. Hyperthermophilic subtilisin-like proteases from Thermococcus kodakarensisRyo Uehara, Hiroshi Amesaka, Yuichi Koga, Kazufumi Takano, Shigenori Kanaya and Shun-ichi Tanaka 5.1 Introduction 5.