Mineralizing Vesicles

ContributorsShort biographies of the contributorsPreface1. General aspects of extracellular vesicles in bone formation and remodeling Antonio Maurizi and Anna Teti1. Introduction 2. Communications between bone cells 3. Extracellular vesicles 4. Bone cell overview 5. Bone marrow cells interacting with skeletal cells 6. Extracellular vesicle trafficking in the bone microenvironment 7. Extracellular vesicles in fracture healing 8. Extracellular vesicles and bone cancer 9. Medical applications 10. Conclusions List of abbreviations Acknowledgments References 2. Physiological biomineralization. The properties and role of matrix vesicles in skeletal and dental calcifications René Buchet, Saida Mebarek, Slawomir Pikula, Agnieszka Strzelecka-Kiliszek, David Magne, Leticia Fernanda Duffles, Thaise Mayumi Taira, Massimo Bottini, Pietro Ciancaglini, José Luis Millán and Sandra Yasuyo Fukada1. Introduction 2. Biomineralization in teeth 3. Biomineralization in bones 4. Determinants of mineralization support the functions of matrix vesicles 5. Conclusions List of abbreviations Acknowledgments References 3. Pathological biomineralization. Part I: mineralizing extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular diseases Rene Buchet, Slawomir Pikula, Agnieszka Strzelecka-Kiliszek, Massimo Bottini, Ana Paula Ramos, Pietro Ciancaglini, Jose Luis Millan and Saida Mebarek1. Introduction 2. Extracellular vesicles: origin and classification 3. Extracellular vesicles related to cardiovascular diseases 4. Extracellular vesicles: biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases 5. Extracellular vesicles as drug delivery vehicles in cardiovascular disease6. ConclusionsList of abbreviations Acknowledgments References4. Pathologic biomineralization: part II: mineralizing extracellular vesicles in osteoarthritis Ann K. Rosenthal1. Introduction 2. Historical perspective 3. Characterization of ACVs 4. ACVs from osteoarthritis cartilage 5. Factors affecting ACV mineralization 6. Conclusions and future directions List of abbreviations Acknowledgments References 5. The biochemistry of mineralizing extracellular vesicles.Part I: The role of phosphatases Flavia Amadeu de Oliveira, Cintia Kazuko Tokuhara, Lucas Fabricio Bahia Nogueira, Juçara Gastaldi Cominal, Luiz Henrique da Silva Andrilli, Sonoko Narisawa, Colin Farquharson, Massimo Bottini, Ana Paula Ramos, Pietro Ciancaglini and José Luis Millán1. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) and pyrophosphate (PPi): a physicochemical balance2. The molecules regulating the Pi/PPi ratio 3. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase 4. Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 and other ENPPs5. Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (CD39) and ecto-50-nucleotidase (CD73)6. PHOSPHO1 7. Can Na,K-ATPase act as a phosphatase? 8. Phosphate transporters 9. Genetic diseases caused by altered Pi/PPi ratio10. Therapeutic approaches to normalizing the Pi/PPi ratio11. ConclusionsList of abbreviations Acknowledgments References6. The biochemistry of mineralizing extracellular vesicles.Part II: Annexins 127Slawomir Pikula, Agnieszka Strzelecka-Kiliszek, René Buchet, Saida Mebarek, Laurence Bessueille, Thierry Granjon, David Magne, Lilianna Weremiejczyk, Agnieszka Kinga Seliga and Joanna Bandorowicz-Pikula1. Introduction 2. Annexins 3. Annexin knockout animal models 4. Annexins in mineralization-competent cells 5. Annexins in media vesicles and matrix vesicles 6. In vitro properties of annexins 7. Conclusions List of abbreviations Acknowledgments References 7. Calcium and phosphate and their role in matrix vesicles: A biological view Larwsk Hayann, Pietro Ciancaglini, Ana Paula Ramos and Dobrawa Napierala1. Calcium (Ca2þ) and inorganic phosphate (PO3/4-/Pi) ions are essential for life2. Ca2þ and phosphate ions in mineralization physiology and pathology3. Cellular origins of matrix vesicles4. Formation of mineralization-competent matrix vesicles requires osteo/chondrogenic molecular phenotype of the cells5.