Integration of MTC and Satellites for IoT toward 6G Era

Name: Integration of MTC and Satellites for IoT toward 6G Era
Brand: Wiley-IEEE Press
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Hirley Alves Konstantin Mikhaylov Marko Hoyhtya(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley-IEEE Press

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Erschienen am 2. Juli 2024

464 Seiten

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Beschreibung

Comprehensive and authoritative resource paving the way for the integration of machine-type communications (MTC) and satellite connectivity toward 6G era

This book focuses on the integration of machine-type communications (MTC) and satellite connectivity toward the 6th generation of mobile systems (i.e., the '6G'). Integrating these two technologies, especially within the emerging direct-to-satellite (DtS) concept employing direct connectivity between an MTC terminal and a satellite-based gateway, will be critical in enabling the future Internet of Things (IoT) applications in remote areas with limited connectivity infrastructure available. To this end, the book delivers an in-depth analysis of the drivers, use cases, scenarios, technical aspects, cybersecurity, and mechanisms spanning from the physical layer (PHY) to the application layer, regulation, standardization, and potential business models. In addition, many examples, illustrative figures, and tables support the text.

With each chapter written by renowned experts in the field, Integration of MTC and Satellites for IoT toward 6G era contains information on:

How to enable wireless connectivity for MTC/IoT devices in remote areas, which hardware and network architectures can be employed, and their pros and cons
Fundamental and practical challenges, design dimensions, and perspective technologies for integrated MTC and satellite systems
Applications and business areas that would be the first ones to employ DtS and status of standardization and regulation activities in the field

The strong tutorial element makes the Integration of MTC and Satellites for IoT toward 6G era a convenient learning resource for students and educators in higher education institutions. Moreover, it is ideal for students obtaining their first professional degree and experts who operate in this or adjacent fields and want to revise and update their knowledge.

Hirley Alves is an Associate Professor, Head of the Machine-type Wireless Communications Group, and Coordinator of the 6G Flagship Strategic Research Area 1 - Massive Wireless Automation at the Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu.

Konstantin Mikhaylov is an Assistant Professor in the field of Convergent IoT Communications for Vertical Systems at the Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu.

Marko Höyhtyä is a Research Professor at the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd and an Associate Professor at the Finnish National Defence University.

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Acronyms
About the Companion Website
Chapter 1 Introduction and Motivation
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Connectivity Solutions and Satellite Integration
1.2.1 Cellular Internet of Things
1.2.1.1 Long-Term Evolution Machine-Type Communication
1.2.1.2 Narrowband Internet of Things
1.2.2 Noncellular Solutions
1.2.2.1 Long-Range and Long-Range Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
1.2.2.2 Sigfox
1.2.3 Toward Terrestrial and Nonterrestrial Internet of Things Connectivity Continuum
1.3 Outlook
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
Chapter 2 Machine-Type Communications, the Internet of Things, and Satellite Networks: Drivers, Use Cases, and Requirements
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Drivers
2.2.1 Drivers for 6G Network
2.2.2 Drivers for 6G Satellite and Machine-Type Communications
2.2.2.1 Social Drivers
2.2.2.2 Economic Drivers
2.2.2.3 Environmental Drivers
2.3 Pertinent Use Cases for Satellite Internet of Things
2.4 Requirements and Key Value and Performance Indicators
2.5 Outlook
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
Chapter 3 Non-terrestrial Network Support for Massive Machine-Type Communication: Architectural and Radio Channel Model Considerations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Internet of Things?-?Nonterrestrial Networks in the 3GPP Standard
3.3 Non-terrestrial Network System Architectures for 5G New Radio
3.3.1 Direct Access
3.3.2 Integrated Access and Backhaul-Based Access
3.3.3 Non-terrestrial Network Architectures for the Internet of Things
3.4 Non-terrestrial Network Channel Characteristics
3.4.1 Propagation Delay
3.4.2 Differential Delay
3.4.3 Differential Doppler Shift
3.5 Link Budget Characterization
3.5.1 Losses
3.5.2 Antenna Pattern
3.5.3 Downlink Budget
3.5.4 Uplink Budget
3.6 Outlook
Bibliography
Chapter 4 Constellation Design for New Space Applications
4.1 Satellite Orbital Formations
4.1.1 Why Is a Constellation of Satellites Needed
4.1.2 Different Types of Orbits and Formations
4.2 Characteristics of Constellations and Main Parameters
4.2.1 Inclination and Altitude Classification
4.2.1.1 Orbital Inclination
4.2.1.2 Orbital Altitude
4.2.1.3 Special Orbits for Satellite Communications and Earth Observation Applications
4.2.2 Satellite Propagation Geometry
4.3 Constellation Design
4.3.1 Constellation Construction Process
4.3.2 Constellation Construction Methods
4.3.2.1 Walker Constellations
4.3.2.2 Streets-of-Coverage Methods
4.3.2.3 Flower Constellations
4.3.3 Constellation Design for Earth Observation Applications
4.3.3.1 Sensor Instrument Constraints
4.3.4 Constellation Design for Multilayered Satellite Applications
4.3.5 Satellite Constellation Design for Massive Machine-Type Communication and Internet-of-Things Applications
4.4 Operation of Satellites in the Orbit
4.4.1 Launch and Operation of the Satellites
4.4.2 Satellite Deorbiting, Retrieval, or Disposal
4.5 Outlook
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Chapter 5 Physical-Layer Aspects of Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Integration
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Machine-Type Communication Technology Landscape
5.2.1 Machine-Type Communication Direct-to-Satellite Connectivity
5.3 Satellite Challenges from a Physical-Layer Perspective
5.3.1 Satellite Components
5.3.2 Link Budget
5.3.3 Frequency Bands
5.3.4 Doppler Effects
5.3.5 Propagation Delay
5.4 Techniques for Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Integration
5.4.1 User-Equipment Global Navigation Satellite System-Based Compensation
5.4.2 Pre/Post-Doppler Delay Compensation
5.4.2.1 Doppler Shift Pre/Postcompensation
5.4.2.2 Differential Delay
5.4.2.3 Limitations
5.4.3 Advance Signal Processing Techniques
5.4.4 New Signaling Configurations with Increased Timers
5.5 Roadmap for Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Integration
5.6 Outlook
Bibliography
Chapter 6 An Overview of Medium Access Control Protocols in Machine-Type Communication Satellite Internet-of-Things Networks
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Outline
6.2 Satellite Internet of Things: An Overview
6.2.1 Satellite Communications System
6.2.2 Network Architecture Alternatives
6.2.2.1 Indirect-to-Satellite
6.2.2.2 Direct-to-Satellite
6.2.3 Direct-to-Satellite Payloads
6.2.3.1 Transparent
6.2.3.2 Regenerative
6.2.4 Applications and Massive Connectivity
6.2.5 Reporting Period
6.2.6 Energy and Processing Resources
6.2.6.1 Space Segment
6.2.6.2 Terrestrial Segment
6.2.7 Frequency and Bandwidth
6.3 Performance Metrics for Medium Access Control
6.3.1 Packet Delivery Ratio
6.3.2 Throughput and Spectral Efficiency
6.3.3 Delay
6.3.4 Energy Efficiency
6.4 Medium Access Control Protocols Classification
6.4.1 Fixed-Assignment Multiple Access
6.4.2 Random Multiple Access
6.4.3 Demand Assignment Multiple Access
6.4.4 Hybrid and Adaptive Multiple Access
6.5 Medium Access Control Protocols Overview
6.5.1 Pure ALOHA
6.5.2 Slotted ALOHA
6.5.3 Diversity Slotted ALOHA
6.5.4 Coded Slotted ALOHA
6.5.5 Self-Organized Time-Division Multiple Access
6.5.6 Frequency-Division Multiple Access
6.5.7 Carrier Sense Multiple Access
6.5.8 Illustrative Example: Narrowband-Internet-of-Things Medium Access Control
6.5.9 Illustrative Example: Long-Range Wide Area Network Medium Access Control
6.6 Open Challenges
6.6.1 Terrestrial Interference
6.6.2 Resources Optimization
6.6.3 Satellite Mobility
6.7 Outlook
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
Chapter 7 Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Connectivity: A Network Perspective
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Internet of Things in Nonterrestrial Networks - 3GPP Release 17
7.2.1 Background
7.2.2 Release 17 Internet-of-Things Nonterrestrial Networks Overview
7.2.3 Discontinuous Coverage
7.2.4 Cellular Internet of Things and Evolved Packet System Core Network for Nonterrestrial Networks
7.2.5 Non-Internet Protocol Data Delivery
7.2.6 Streamlined SMS Support
7.2.7 Mobility and Integration Across Networks: Terrestrial and Nonterrestrial Cases
7.3 Network Characteristics and Challenges of the Nonterrestrial Massive Machine-Type Communication System
7.3.1 Overview
7.3.2 Massive Scale and Coverage
7.3.3 Strong Reliance on User Equipment Location
7.3.4 Dynamic Capacity and Focus on Space Segment Efficiency
7.3.5 Spectrum Scarcity and Efficient Utilization
7.3.6 Ultralean and Efficient Signaling and Air Interface Overhead
7.3.7 Message-Based, IP-Less, Efficient, and Lean Data Transport
7.4 Internet-of-Things Nonterrestrial Network Evolution - Releases 18, 19, and Beyond
7.4.1 Releases 18 and 19 Overview
7.4.2 Support of 5G System and Core
7.4.3 Network-Based User-Equipment Location Verification
7.4.4 Multicast and Broadcast
7.4.5 New User-Equipment Power Classes and Architectures
7.4.6 Regenerative Architectures, Onboard Processing, and Store and Forward
7.4.7 Support of the New Radio Reduced Capability
7.4.8 Global Navigation Satellite System-Free Operation and Network-Based Positioning
7.4.9 Release 20 and Beyond
7.5 Outlook: A Look Out Toward the 6G Massive Machine-Type Communication Network
7.5.1 6G Vision
7.5.2 Resource Management System for the 6G Network
Bibliography
Chapter 8 6G Satellite Network Architecture with Onboard Computing Capabilities
8.1 Introduction
8.2 6G Onboard Processing Satellites
8.2.1 Satellite Onboard Capability
8.2.2 Abstracted Satellite Nodes with Software-Defined Network
8.2.2.1 SDN Controller Placement
8.2.3 Satellite Edge Computing
8.2.3.1 Satellite Edge Computing Computational Power
8.2.3.2 Satellite Edge Computing Transmission Power Attenuation
8.3 6G Satellite Networks
8.3.1 Satellite Edge Computing in Networks
8.3.1.1 Satellite Edge Computing End-to-End Latency
8.3.1.2 Satellite Edge Computing End-to-End Transmission Power Attenuation
8.3.1.3 Satellite Edge Computing Optimal Offloading Policy
8.3.2 Satellite Network Slicing
8.3.2.1 Virtual Network Embedding System Model
8.3.2.2 Evaluation Metrics
8.4 Outlook
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
Chapter 9 Role of Software-Defined Networking in Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Connectivity
9.1 Introduction
9.2 State of the Art
9.3 Key Enabling Technologies
9.3.1 Next-Generation Satellites
9.3.2 Reconfigurable Multiband Radios
9.3.3 Software-Defined Networking
9.3.4 Network Function Virtualization
9.3.5 Delay- and Disruption-Tolerant Networking
9.3.6 Segment Routing
9.3.7 Stateless Networking
9.3.8 Multiaccess Edge Computing
9.4 SpaceFabric Design and Description
9.4.1 System Architecture
9.4.1.1 Infrastructure Domain
9.4.1.2 User Domain
9.4.1.3 Control Domain
9.4.1.4 Space Management and Orchestration Domain
9.4.2 Operations and Procedures
9.4.2.1 Voronoi Tessellation-Based Topology Abstraction
9.4.2.2 Seamless Service Migration
9.4.2.3 Unified Routing Over Heterogeneous Infrastructure
9.4.2.4 Stateless Operations for the Low Earth Orbit Segment
9.4.2.5 Space-Ground-Integrated Network Slicing
9.4.3 Integration Within the Open Radio Access Network Framework
9.5 Use Cases
9.5.1 Remote Industrial Automation
9.5.2 Monitoring and Reconnaissance
9.5.3 Mission-Critical Connectivity
9.6 Research Challenges
9.6.1 Service Migration Redundancy During Handovers
9.6.2 Lightweight Network Function Virtualization for Nanosatellites
9.6.3 Energy-Efficient Operations
9.6.4 Protocol and Architecture Considerations for Open Radio Access Network Integration
9.7 Outlook
Bibliography
Chapter 10 Cybersecurity for Machines in Satellite-Terrestrial Networks
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Security Challenges
10.2.1 Challenges in the Internet of Things
10.2.2 Challenges in 3GPP Networks
10.2.3 Challenges in Satellite Communications
10.2.4 Challenges Arising from the Integration
10.3 Security Solutions
10.3.1 Security in Satellite-Terrestrial Networks
10.3.1.1 The 3GPP Security Architecture
10.3.1.2 Security for the Integrated Network
10.3.1.3 Satellite Infrastructure Security
10.3.2 Security for IoT Applications
10.3.2.1 End-to-End Security
10.3.2.2 Secure Acceleration at the Network Edge
10.4 Future Research
10.4.1 Intelligent Security
10.4.2 Software-Defined Space
10.4.3 Quantum Era
10.5 Outlook
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
Chapter 11 Dual-Function Strategies for Heterogeneous 6G Internet-of-Things Systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Communication and Sensing
11.2.1 Sensing Objectives
11.2.2 Sensing Over Communication Signals
11.2.3 Jointly Optimized Waveforms
11.2.4 Nonterrestrial Network-Based Case Examples
11.3 Communication and Power Transfer
11.3.1 Energy-Harvesting Communications
11.3.2 Joint Wireless Information and Power Transfer
11.3.3 Nonterrestrial Network-Based Case Examples
11.4 Communication and Computing
11.4.1 Computing-Assisted Communications
11.4.2 Communication-Assisted Computing
11.4.3 Computing While Communicating
11.4.4 Nonterrestrial Network-Based Case Examples
11.5 Outlook
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
Chapter 12 Simulators, Emulators, and Visualization Tools for Analysis of Integrated Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Networks
12.1 Introduction
12.2 State-of-the-Art Survey
12.2.1 Satellite Constellation and Orbital Simulators
12.2.1.1 Systems Tool Kit
12.2.1.2 MATLAB Satellite Communication Toolbox
12.2.1.3 GMAT
12.2.1.4 Orekit
12.2.1.5 ExoOPS
12.2.1.6 ASTOS
12.2.1.7 SaVi
12.2.1.8 GODOT
12.2.1.9 Poliastro
12.2.1.10 FreeFlyer
12.2.1.11 FocusSuite
12.2.2 Network Simulators and Emulators
12.2.2.1 ns-3
12.2.2.2 OMNeT++
12.2.2.3 StarPerf
12.2.3 Visualization Tools
12.3 Example Simulation Process with SCNE
12.4 Outlook and Future Work
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
Chapter 13 Applications and Business Prospects of Integrated Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Networks
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Satellite Internet of Things/Machine-Type Communication Market and Business Prospects
13.2.1 Current Satellite Internet-of-Things Market
13.2.2 Market Evolution and Projections
13.2.2.1 The Promise of Low-Power/Low-Cost Internet-of-Things Satellite Connectivity
13.2.2.2 Incumbents and New Players for Satellite Massive Machine-Type Communication
13.2.2.3 Prospects for Satellite Massive Machine-Type Communication
13.2.2.4 Sectors and Applications with High Potential
13.3 3GPP Ecosystem and Business Models
13.3.1 3GPP Ecosystem for Hybrid Terrestrial-Satellite Massive Machine-Type Communication
13.3.2 Business Models
13.3.2.1 Direct to Market
13.3.2.2 B2B Model Through MNOs/MVNOs
13.4 Toward the Realization of Cost-Efficient Satellite Massive Machine-Type Communication Systems
13.4.1 Integration Within the 3GPP and Global System for Mobile Communications Association Ecosystem
13.4.2 CubeSats/Nanosatellites in Low Earth Orbit Constellations
13.4.3 Sparse Constellations and Support of Discontinuous Coverage
13.4.4 Store and Forward Capabilities
13.5 Illustrative Assessments
13.5.1 Capacity Estimates
13.5.2 Service Key Performance Indicators Assessments
13.6 Outlook
Bibliography
Chapter 14 Regulation and Spectrum Opportunities in Integrated Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Networks
14.1 Regulations of Radio Frequencies and Satellites Orbits
14.1.1 International Telecommunication Unit - Radiocommunication Sector
14.1.2 Regional Organizations
14.1.3 National Regulatory Authorities
14.1.4 Understanding Regulations
14.2 Spectrum Management Techniques
14.2.1 Exclusive Access
14.2.2 Primary/Secondary Access
14.2.3 Unlicensed Access
14.3 Frequency Allocations for Machine-Type Communication
14.3.1 Current Status
14.3.2 Future Developments
14.4 Challenges and Opportunities
14.4.1 Challenges
14.4.2 Opportunities, Trends, and Research Topics in Spectrum Management for 6G
14.5 Outlook
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
Chapter 15 3GPP Standardization of Internet of Things in Nonterrestrial Networks
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Scenarios
15.3 Architecture
15.3.1 New-Radio Radio Access Network Logical Architecture
15.3.2 Non-Terrestrial Network for 5G New Radio
15.3.2.1 Feeder Link Switchover
15.3.2.2 Earth-Moving Radio Cells
15.3.2.3 Registration
15.3.3 Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
15.3.4 Non-Terrestrial Network for the Internet of Things
15.4 Physical Layer
15.4.1 Timing and Frequency Precompensation
15.4.2 Segmented Uplink Transmission
15.4.3 Disabling Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request Feedback
15.4.4 New Channel Raster for Downlink Synchronization
15.5 User Plane
15.5.1 Medium Access Control
15.5.2 Radio Link Control and Packet Data Convergence Protocol
15.6 System Information
15.6.1 Non-Terrestrial Network-Specific System Information
15.6.2 System Information Modification
15.7 Mobility
15.7.1 Service Link Switch
15.7.2 Idle-Mode Mobility
15.7.3 Connected-Mode Mobility
15.8 Outlook
Copyright Notice
Bibliography
Index
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