The continuous and ever expanding development of high-temperature tech- nology involves the use of high -temperature refractory materials and one of the most important classes of these is the oxides, i.e., compounds of elements with oxygen. Oxides are the oldest refractory compounds known in technology and this is connected with their high chemical stability and abundance in nature. In addition to the use of oxides as raw materials for metallurgical processes, the refractoriness, chemical stability, and magnetic and other technically important properties of oxides have been put to use since antiquity. At the present time the importance of oxides as bases of many materials for new technology is substantial and is growing rapidly with the development of processes for the direct conversion of various forms of energy into electrical energy, the development of nuclear technOlogy, electronics, semiconductor and dielectric technOlogy, and cosmic technology, where the refractoriness and chemical stability of oxides are used in combination with their specific physical properties.
Oxides are the foundation of the so-called oxygen -containing or oxygen refractory materials, which are fundamental to high-temperature tech- nology. Oxides are no less important as the bases of practically all structural ma- terials and rocks. A number of oxides are involved in biological processes.
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Springer Science+Business Media
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978-0-306-65157-1 (9780306651571)
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Schweitzer Klassifikation
I. General Data, Stoichiometry, and Crystal Chemical Properties.- 1. Electronic Structure of Isolated Atoms.- 2. Ionization Potentials of Atoms.- 3. Geometric Constants of Atoms and Ions.- 4. Composition of Oxides.- 5. Regions of Homogeneity.- 6. Crystal Structure.- 7. Density.- II. Thermal and Thermodynamic Properties.- 1. Standard Heat of Formation.- 2. Entropy.- 3. Free Energy of Formation of Oxides.- 4. Thermodynamic Potentials of Oxide Formation Reactions.- 5. Melting and Boiling Points.- 6. Heats of Fusion, Evaporation, and Sublimation.- 7. Thermal Conductivity.- 8. Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion.- 9. Molar Heat Capacity.- 10. Specific Heat Capacity.- 11. Heat of Combustion.- 12. Chemical Bond Energy (Heat of Dissociation).- 13. Heat of Decomposition.- 14. Heat of Phase Change.- 15. Temperature and Heat of Polymorphic Conversion.- 16. Characteristic Temperature.- 17. Crystal Lattice Energy.- 18. Oxidation Rates.- 19. Diffusion Parameters for Oxygen into Metals and Nonmetals.- 20. Diffusion Parameters for Elements into Oxides.- 21. Rate of Evaporation.- 22. Vapor Pressure.- 23. Dissociation Pressure.- 24. Thermal Stability Characteristics.- 25. Free Energy Function of Gaseous Oxides.- III. Mechanical Properties.- 1. Modulus of Normal Elasticity.- 2. Shear Modulus.- 3. Poisson's Ratio.- 4. Tensile Strength.- 5. Compressive Strength.- 6. Bending Strength.- 7. Dynamic Viscosity.- 8. Hardness on Mineralogical Scale.- 9. Microhardness.- 10. Compressibility.- 11. Elastic Constants.- IV. Electrical and Magnetic Properties.- 1. Electrical Conductivity.- 2. Thermoelectric Properties.- 3. Galvanomagnetic Properties.- 4. Magnetic Properties.- 5. Thermal Emission Properties.- 6. Width of Forbidden Band.- 7. Dielectric Properties.- V. Optical Properties.- 1. Color of Oxides.- 2. Emissivity.- 3. Refractive Index.- 4. Velocity of Sound in Oxides.- 5. Molecular Data.- 6. Van der Waals Constants.- 7. Critical Properties.- VI. Nuclear Properties.- 1. Nuclear Properties of Oxides.- 2. Effect of Fast Neutron Radiation on Oxides.- Chpater VII. Chemical and Catalytic Properties.- 1. Chemical Properties of Oxides.- 2. Catalytic Properties of Oxides.- VIII. Refractory Properties.- 1. Solid Phase Reactions of Oxides.- 2. Wetting of Oxides by Liquid Metals.- 3. Resistance to the Action of Molten Metals, Alloys, and Slags.- IX. Applications of Oxides in Technology.- X. Phase Diagrams of Element-Oxygen Binary Systems.- References.
