This is a preliminary Table of Contents.
NOTE: Each chapter concludes with Summary, Integrative Example, Exercises, Integrative and Advanced Exercises, Feature Problems, Self-Assessment Questions, and eMedia Exercises.
1 Matter-Its Properties and Measurement
1-1 The Scientific Method
1-2 Properties of Matter
1-3 Classification of Matter
1-4 Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) Units
1-5 Density and Percent Composition: Their Use in Problem Solving
1-6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements
1-7 Significant Figures
Focus on The Scientific Method at Work: Polywater
2 Atoms and the Atomic Theory
2-1 Early Chemical Discoveries and the Atomic Theory
2-2 Electrons and Other Discoveries in Atomic Physics
2-3 The Nuclear Atom
2-4 Chemical Elements
2-5 Atomic Masses
2-6 Introduction to the Periodic Table
2-7 The Concept of the Mole and the Avogadro Constant
2-8 Using the Mole Concept in Calculations
Focus on Occurrence and Abundances of the Elements
3 Chemical Compounds
3-1 Types of Chemical Compounds and Their Formulas
3-2 The Mole Concept and Chemical Compounds
3-3 Composition of Chemical Compounds
3-4 Oxidation States: A Useful Tool in Describing Chemical Compounds
3-5 Naming Compounds: Organic and Inorganic Compounds
3-6 Names and Formulas of Inorganic Compounds
3-7 Names and Formulas of Organic Compounds
Focus on Mass Spectrometry-Determining Molecular Formulas
4 Chemical Reactions
4-1 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations
4-2 Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry
4-3 Chemical Reactions in Solution
4-4 Determining the Limiting Reactant
4-5 Other Practical Matters in Reaction Stoichiometry
Focus on Industrial Chemistry
5 Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
5-1 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions
5-2 Precipitation Reactions
5-3 Acid-Base Reactions
5-4 Oxidation-Reduction: Some General Principles
5-5 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations
5-6 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
5-7 Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions: Titrations
Focus on Water Treatment
6 Gases
6-1 Properties of Gases: Gas Pressure
6-2 The Simple Gas Laws
6-3 Combining the Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation and the General Gas Equation
6-4 Applications of the Ideal Gas Equation
6-5 Gases in Chemical Reactions
6-6 Mixtures of Gases
6-7 Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases
6-8 Gas Properties Relating to the Kinetic-Molecular Theory
6-9 Nonideal (Real) Gases
Focus on Earth's Atmosphere
7 Thermochemistry 220
7-1 Getting Started: Some Terminology
7-2 Heat
7-3 Heats of Reaction and Calorimetry
7-4 Work
7-5 The First Law of Thermodynamics
7-6 Heats of Reaction: DU and DH
7-7 Indirect Determination of DH: Hess's Law
7-8 Standard Enthalpies of Formation
7-9 Fuels as Sources of Energy
Focus on Fats, Carbohydrates, and Energy Storage
8 Electrons in Atoms
8-1 Electromagnetic Radiation
8-2 Atomic Spectra
8-3 Quantum Theory
8-4 The Bohr Atom
8-5 Two Ideas Leading to a New Quantum Mechanics
8-6 Wave Mechanics
8-7 Quantum Numbers and Electron Orbitals
8-8 Interpreting and Representing the Orbitals of the Hydrogen Atom
8-9 Electron Spin: A Fourth Quantum Number
8-10 Multielectron Atoms
8-11 Electron Configurations
8-12 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
Focus on Helium-Neon Lasers
9 The Periodic Table and Some Atomic Properties
9-1 Classifying the Elements: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
9-2 Metals and Nonmetals and Their Ions
9-3 The Sizes of Atoms and Ions
9-4 Ionization Energy
9-5 Electron Affinity
9-6 Magnetic Properties
9-7 Periodic Properties of the Elements
Focus on The Periodic Law and Mercury
10 Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts
10-1 Lewis Theory: An Overview
10-2 Covalent Bonding: An Introduction
10-3 Polar Covalent Bonds and Electrostatic Potential Maps
10-4 Writing Lewis Structures
10-5 Resonance
10-6 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
10-7 Shapes of Molecules
10-8 Bond Order and Bond Lengths
10-9 Bond Energies
Focus on Molecules in Space: Measuring Bond Lengths
11 Chemical Bonding II: Additional Aspects
11-1 What a Bonding Theory Should Do
11-2 Introduction to the Valence-Bond Method
11-3 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
11-4 Multiple Covalent Bonds
11-5 Molecular Orbital Theory
11-6 Delocalized Electrons: Bonding in the Benzene Molecule
11-7 Bonding in Metals
11-8 Some Unresolved Issues; Can Electron Charge-Density Plots Help
Focus on Photoelectron Spectroscopy
12 Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces
12-1 Intermolecular Forces and Some Properties of Liquids
12-2 Vaporization of Liquids: Vapor Pressure
12-3 Some Properties of Solids
12-4 Phase Diagrams
12-5 Van der Waals Forces
12-6 Hydrogen Bonding
12-7 Network Covalent Solids and Ionic Solids
12-8 Crystal Structures
12-9 Energy Changes in the Formation of Ionic Crystals
Focus on Liquid Crystals
13 Solutions and Their Physical Properties
13-1 Types of Solutions: Some Terminology
13-2 Solution Concentrations
13-3 Intermolecular Forces and the Solution Process
13-4 Solution Formation and Equilibrium
13-5 Solubilities of Gases
13-6 Vapor Pressures of Solutions
13-7 Osmotic Pressure
13-8 Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
13-9 Solutions of Electrolytes
13-10 Colloidal Mixtures
Focus on Chromatography
14 Chemical Kinetics
14-1 Rate of a Chemical Reaction
14-2 Measuring Reaction Rates
14-3 Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates: The Rate Law
14-4 Zero-Order Reactions
14-5 First-Order Reactions
14-6 Second-Order Reactions
14-7 Reaction Kinetics: A Summary
14-8 Theoretical Models for Chemical Kinetics
14-9 The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates
14-10 Reaction Mechanisms
14-11 Catalysis
Focus on Combustion and Explosions
15 Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
15-1 Dynamic Equilibrium
15-2 The Equilibrium Constant Expression
15-3 Relationships Involving Equilibrium Constants
15-4 The Magnitude of an Equilibrium Constant
15-5 The Reaction Quotient, Q: Predicting the Direction of Net Change
15-6 Altering Equilibrium Conditions: Le Chatelier's Principle
15-7 Equilibrium Calculations: Some Illustrative Examples
Focus on The Nitrogen Cycle and the Synthesis of Nitrogen Compounds
16 Acids and Bases
16-1 Arrhenius Theory: A Brief Review
16-2 Bronsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases
16-3 Self-Ionization of Water and the pH Scale
16-4 Strong Acids and Strong Bases
16-5 Weak Acids and Weak Bases
16-6 Polyprotic Acids
16-7 Ions as Acids and Bases
16-8 Molecular Structure and Acid-Base Behavior
16-9 Lewis Acids and Bases
Focus on Acid Rain
17 Additional Aspects of Acid-Base Equilibria
17-1 The Common-Ion Effect in Acid-Base Equilibria
17-2 Buffer Solutions
17-3 Acid-Base Indicators
17-4 Neutralization Reactions and Titration Curves
17-5 Solutions of Salts of Polyprotic Acids
17-6 Acid-Base Equilibrium Calculations: A Summary
Focus on Buffers in Blood
18 Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria
18-1 Solubility Product Constant,
18-2 Relationship Between Solubility and
18-3 Common-Ion Effect in Solubility Equilibria
18-4 Limitations of the Concept
18-5 Criteria for Precipitation and Its Completeness
18-6 Fractional Precipitation
18-7 Solubility and pH
18-8 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions
18-9 Qualitative Cation Analysis
Focus on Shells, Teeth, and Fossils
19 Spontaneous Change: Entropy and Free Energy
19-1 Spontaneity: The Meaning of Spontaneous Change
19-2 The Concept of Entropy
19-3 Evaluating Entropy and Entropy Changes
19-4 Criteria for Spontaneous Change: The Second Law of Thermodynamics
19-5 Standard Free Energy Change, DG degrees
19-6 Free Energy Change and Equilibrium
19-7 DG degrees and as Functions of Temperature
19-8 Coupled Reactions
Focus on Coupled Reactions in Biological Systems
20 Electrochemistry
20-1 Electrode Potentials and Their Measurement
20-2 Standard Electrode Potentials
20-3 DG, and
20-4 as a Function of Concentrations
20-5 Batteries: Producing Electricity Through Chemical Reactions
20-6 Corrosion: Unwanted Voltaic Cells
20-7 Electrolysis: Causing Nonspontaneous Reactions to Occur
20-8 Industrial Electrolysis Processes
Focus on Membrane Potentials
21 Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements I: Groups 1, 2, 13, and 14
21-1 Group 1: The Alkali Metals
21-2 Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals
21-3 Ions in Natural Waters: Hard Water
21-4 Group 13 Metals: The Boron Family
21-5 Group 14 Metals: The Carbon Family
Focus on Gallium Arsenide
22 Main-Group Elements II: Groups 18, 17, 16, 15, and Hydrogen 22-1 Group 18: The Noble Gases
22-2 Group 17: The Halogens
22-3 Group 16: The Oxygen Family
22-4 Group 15: The Nitrogen Family
22-5 Hydrogen: A Unique Element
Focus on The Ozone Layer and Its Environmental Role
23 The Transition Elements
23-1 General Properties
23-2 Principles of Extractive Metallurgy
23-3 Metallurgy of Iron and Steel
23-4 First-Row Transition Metal Elements: Scandium to Manganese
23-5 The Iron Triad: Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel
23-6 Group 11: Copper, Silver, and Gold
23-7 Group 12: Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury
23-8 Lanthanides
Focus on High Temperature Superconductors
24 Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds
24-1 Werner's Theory of Coordination Compounds: An Overview
24-2 Ligands
24-3 Nomenclature
24-4 Isomerism
24-5 Bonding in Complex Ions: Crystal Field Theory
24-6 Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds and Crystal Field Theory
24-7 Color and the Colors of Complexes
24-8 Aspects of Complex-Ion Equilibria
24-9 Acid-Base Reactions of Complex Ions
24-10 Some Kinetic Considerations 1
24-11 Applications of Coordination Chemistry
Focus on Colors in Gemstones
25 Nuclear Chemistry
25-1 Radioactivity
25-2 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Isotopes
25-3 Nuclear Reactions and Artificially Induced Radioactivity
25-4 Transuranium Elements
25-5 Rate of Radioactive Decay
25-6 Energetics of Nuclear Reactions
25-7 Nuclear Stability
25-8 Nuclear Fission
25-9 Nuclear Fusion
25-10 Effect of Radiation on Matter
25-11 Applications of Radioisotopes
Focus on Radioactive Waste Disposal
26 Organic Chemistry
26-1 Organic Compounds and Structures: An Overview
26-2 Alkanes
26-3 Alkenes and Alkynes
26-4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
26-5 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
26-6 Aldehydes and Ketones
26-7 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
26-8 Amines
26-9 Heterocyclic Compounds
26-10 Nomenclature of Stereoisomers in Organic Compounds
26-11 An Introduction to Substitution Reactions at Hybridized Carbon Atoms
26-12 Synthesis of Organic Compounds
26-13 Polymerization Reactions
Focus on Natural And Synthetic Dyes
27 Chemistry of the Living State
27-1 Chemical Structure of Living Matter: An Overview
27-2 Lipids
27-3 Carbohydrates
27-4 Proteins
27-5 Aspects of Metabolism
27-6 Nucleic Acids
Focus on Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code
APPENDICES
A Mathematical Operations
A-1 Exponential Arithmetic
A-2 Logarithms
A-3 Algebraic Operations
A-4 Graphs
A-5 Using Conversion Factors (Dimensional Analysis)
B Some Basic Physical Concepts
B-1 Velocity and Acceleration
B-2 Force and Work
B-3 Energy
B-4 Magnetism
B-5 Static Electricity
B-6 Current Electricity
B-7 Electromagnetism
C SI Units
C-1 SI Base Units
C-2 SI Prefixes
C-3 Derived SI Units A
C-4 Units to Be Discouraged or Abandoned A16
D Data Tables
D-1 Ground-State Electron Configurations
D-2 Thermodynamic Properties of Substances at 298.15 K
D-3 Equilibrium Constants
D-4 Standard Electrode (Reduction) Potentials at 25 degreesC
E Concept Mapping
F Glossary
G Answers to Practice Examples and Selected Exercises
Photo Credits
Index
