: Introduction; French conquest, 1859--1939; Force of the new nation: a conceptual construct, 1900--1939; Formation of the first guerrilla bases, 1940--1945; Armed propaganda, the army and the "August Revolution"", March -- August 1945; State apparatus and the army, September 1945 -- December 1946; Shaping the People's Army in the people's war, 1947--1949; Independence in the modern world, 1950--1954