List of contributors; Preface; Chapter 1 Confucius, Richard Kim and Joshua W. Seachris; Chapter 2 The Buddha, Mark Siderits; Chapter 3 Vya-Sa, Arindam Chakrabarti; Chapter 4 Socrates, A.C. Grayling; Chapter 5 Plato, David Skrbina; Chapter 6 Diogenes, Will Desmond; Chapter 7 Zhuangzi, David E. Cooper; Chapter 8 Aristotle, Monte Ransome Johnson; Chapter 9 Epicurus, Catherine Wilson; Chapter 10 Koheleth, Thaddeus Metz; Chapter 11 Epictetus, A.A. Long; Chapter 12 Sextus Empiricus, Svavar Hrafn Svavarsson; Chapter 13 Avicenna, Nader El-Bizri; Chapter 14 Maimonides, Alfred L. Ivry; Chapter 15 Aquinas, Edward Feser; Chapter 16 Montaigne, Stephen Leach; Chapter 17 Descartes, John Cottingham; Chapter 18 Spinoza, Genevieve Lloyd; Chapter 19 Kant, Terry F. Godlove; Chapter 20 Schopenhauer, Robert Wicks; Chapter 21 Kierkegaard, Mark Bernier; Chapter 22 Marx, Amy E. Wendling; Chapter 23 Mill, Frans Svensson; Chapter 24 Nietzsche, Raymond Angelo Belliotti; Chapter 25 Ortega, Pedro Blas Gonzalez; Chapter 26 Wittgenstein, Reza Hosseini; Chapter 27 Heidegger, Wendell O'Brien; Chapter 28 Sartre, Joseph S. Catalano; Chapter 29 Beauvoir, Jonathan Webber; Chapter 30 Weil, Lissa Mccullough; Chapter 31 Ayer, James Tartaglia; Chapter 32 Camus, William McBride; Chapter 33 Murdoch, Bridget Clarke; Chapter 34 Fanon, Samuel Imbo; Chapter 35 Rorty, Alan Malachowski; Postscript: The blue flower; Bibliography; Index