PREFACE. CONTRIBUTORS. I INTRODUCTION. 1 ILLICIT DRUGS AND THE ENVIRONMENT ( Christian G. Daughton). II THE PHYSIOLOGY OF ILLICIT DRUGS. 2 METABOLISM AND EXCRETION OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN HUMANS ( Manuela Melis, Sara Castiglioni, and Ettore Zuccato). III MASS SPECTROMETRY IN ILLICIT DRUGS DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT - CURRENT AND NOVEL ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS. 3 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN WASTEWATERS AND SURFACE WATERS ( Renzo Bagnati and Enrico Davoli). 4 WIDE-SCOPE SCREENING OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN URBAN WASTEWATER BY UHPLC-QTOF MS ( Felix Hernadez, Juan V. Sancho, and Lubertus Bijlsma). 5 DETERMINATION OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN THE WATER CYCLE BY LC-ORBITRAP MS ( Pim de Voogt, Erik Emke, Rick Helmus, Pavlos Panteliadis, and Jan A. van Leerdam). IVA MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: OCCURRENCE AND FATE IN WASTEWATER AND SURFACE WATER. 6 OCCURRENCE OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN WASTEWATER IN SPAIN ( Cristina Postigo, Miren Lopez de Alda, and Damia Barcelo). 7 OCCURRENCE OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN WASTEWATER AND SURFACE WATER IN ITALY ( Sara Castiglioni and Ettore Zuccato). 8 OCCURRENCE OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN SURFACE WATER AND WASTEWATER IN THE UK ( Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern). 9 ON THE FRONTIER: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND THE OCCURRENCE OF ILLICIT DRUGS INTO SURFACE WATERS IN THE UNITED STATES ( Tammy Jones-Lepp, David Alvarez, and Bommanna Loganathan). 10 MONITORING NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS IN SURFACE WATER IN NEBRASKA (USA) ( Shannon Bartelt-Hunt, and Daniel D. Snow). IVB MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: ILLICIT DRUGS IN DRINKING WATER. 11 PRESENCE AND REMOVAL OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN CONVENTIONAL DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANTS ( Maria Huerta-Fontela, Maria Teresa Galceran, and Francesc Ventura). 12 ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN WATER USING DIRECT-INJECTION LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY ( Rebecca A. Trenholm and Shane A. Snyder). IVC MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: PRESENCE IN AIR AND SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER. 13 PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES IN URBAN AIRBORNE PARTICULATES ( Angelo Cecinato and Catia Balducci). V APPLICATIONS OF ILLICIT DRUG ANALYSIS IN THE ENVIRONMENT. 14 ILLICIT DRUGS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: IMPLICATION FOR ECOTOXICOLOGY ( Guido Domingo, Kristin Schirmer, Marcella Bracale, and Francesco Pomati). 15 DRUG ADDICTION-POTENTIAL OF A NEW APPROACH TO MONITORING DRUG CONSUMPTION ( Norbert Frost). 16 ASSESSING ILLICIT DRUG CONSUMPTION BY WASTEWATER ANALYSIS: HISTORY, POTENTIAL, AND LIMITATION OF A NOVEL APPROACH ( Ettore Zuccato and Sara Castiglioni). 17 COCAINE AND METABOLITES IN WASTEWATER AS A TOOL TO CALCULATE LOCAL AND NATIONAL COCAINE CONSUMPTION PREVALENCE IN BELGIUM ( Alexander L.N. van Nuijs, Lieven Bervoets, Philippe G. Jorens, Ronny Blust, Hugo Neels, and Adrian Covaci). 18 MEASUREMENT OF ILLICIT DRUG CONSUMPTION IN SMALL POPULATIONS: PROGNOSIS FOR NONINVASIVE DRUG TESTING OF STUDENT POPULATIONS ( Deepika Panawennage, Sara Castiglioni, Ettore Zuccato, Enrico Davoli, and M. Paul Chiarelli). VI CONCLUSIONS. 19 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES ( Roberto Fanelli). INDEX.