Part I. Introduction: 1. Introduction A. Grübler; 2. The energy technology innovation system C. Wilson and A. Grübler; 3. Historical case studies of energy technology innovation A. Grübler and C. Wilson; Part II. Patterns and Linkages in the Energy Technology Innovation System: 4. Grand designs: historical patterns and future scenarios of energy technological change A. Grübler; 5. Historical diffusion and growth of energy technologies C. Wilson; 6. Input, output and outcome metrics for assessing energy technology innovation C. Wilson; 7. Technology portfolios: modeling technological uncertainty and innovation risks A. Grübler, S. Fuss, D. McCollum, V. Krey and K. Riahi; Part III. Knowledge in the Energy Technology Innovation System: 8. Solar water heater innovation in the United States, China and Europe G. Nemet; 9. Heat pumps: a comparative assessment of innovation and diffusion policies in Sweden and Switzerland B. Kiss, L. Nejj and M. Jakob; 10. Sources and consequences of knowledge depreciation A. Grübler and G. Nemet; 11. The French pressurized water reactor program A. Grübler; Part IV. Adoption and Use in the Energy Technology Innovation System: 12. Technological improvements of solar thermal electricity in the United States and the role of public policy G. Nemet; 13. Automobile fuel efficiency standards G. Nemet; 14. Hybrid cars: development and deployment in Japan, the United States and China K. S. Gallagher; 15. Solar photovoltaics: multiple drivers of technological improvement G. Nemet; Part V. Actors and Institutions in the Energy Technology System: 16. A comparative assessment of wind turbine innovation and diffusion policies L. Nejj and P. D. Andersen; 17. The role of standards: the Japanese top runner program for end-use efficiency K. Osamu; 18. Solar innovation and market feedback: solar photovoltaics in rural Kenya D. M. Kammen and A. Jacobsen; 19. The US synthetic fuels corporation: policy consistency, flexibility and the long-term consequences of perceived failures L. D. Anadon, G. Nemet and B. Schock; Part VI. Resources in the Energy Technology Innovation System: 20. Brazilian ethanol: unpacking a success story of energy technology innovation D. Meyer, L. Mytelka, R. Press, E. L. Dall'Oglio, P. T. de Sousa, Jr and A. Grübler; 21. Global R&D, market formation and diffusion investments in energy technology innovation A. Grübler, L. D. Anadon, K. S. Gallagher, R. Kempener, A. O'Rourke and C. Wilson; 22. Energy RD&D investments in the major emerging economies and the United States R. Kempener, L. D. Anadon, K. S. Gallagher and K. Jiang; 23. A comparative analysis of annual market investments in energy supply and end-use technologies C. Wilson and A. Grübler; Part VII. Conclusions: 24. Conclusions: the energy technology innovation system C. Wilson and A. Grübler; 25. Conclusions: policies for energy technology innovation A. Grübler and C. Wilson.