Chitin and Chitosan

Name: Chitin and Chitosan | Properties and Applications
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Properties and Applications

Lambertus A. M. van den Broek Carmen G. Boeriu(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley-ISTE (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 26. November 2019

536 Seiten

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978-1-119-45049-8 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Series Preface
Preface
Chapter 1 Sources of Chitin and Chitosan and their Isolation
1.1 Chitin and Chitosan
1.1.1 Chemical Structure
1.1.2 Different Crystalline Forms of Chitin
1.2 Sources of Chitin and Chitosan
1.2.1 Sources of Chitin
1.2.2 Sources for Chitosan
1.3 Isolation of Chitin
1.3.1 Technology Principles
1.3.2 Isolation of Chitin from Crustaceans
1.3.3 Isolation of Chitin from Insects
1.3.4 Isolation of Chitin from Other Biomass Types
1.4 Production of Chitosan
1.4.1 Conversion of Chitin to Chitosan
1.4.2 Chitosan Extracted from Fungi
1.5 Towards Commercial Applications
1.6 Outlook
References
Chapter 2 Methods of Isolating Chitin from Sponges (Porifera)
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Brief Overview of Classical Methods of Isolating Chitin from Invertebrates
2.3 The Modern Approach to Chitin Isolation from Sponges
2.3.1 Methods of Isolating Chitin from Glass Sponges (Hexactinellida)
2.3.2 Methods of Isolating Chitin from Demosponges (Demospongiae)
2.4 Prospective Applications of Poriferan Chitin
2.4.1 Poriferan Chitin and Modern Bioinspired Materials Science
2.4.2 Chitinous 3D Scaffolds of Sponge Origin for Tissue Engineering
2.5 Outlook
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 3 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan and its Degradation Products
3.1 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan
3.1.1 Determination of Molar Mass
3.1.2 Determination of the Deacetylation Degree
3.1.3 Determination of Dynamic Viscosity
3.1.4 Determination of Nitrogen
3.1.5 Determination of Ash Content
3.1.6 Determination of Heavy Metal Content
3.1.7 Determination of Water Retention Value (WRV)
3.1.8 Determination of Solubility in Hydrochloric Acid
3.1.9 Determination of Water Content
3.1.10 Determination of Protein Content
3.1.11 Quantitative Determination of Chitosan by Ninhydrin
3.2 Products of Degradation and their Application
3.3 Outlook
References
Chapter 4 New Developments in the Analysis of Partially Acetylated Chitosan Polymers and Oligomers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Chitosan Oligomers
4.2.1 Degree of Polymerisation (DP), Fraction and Pattern of Acetylation (FA and PA)
4.3 Chitosan Polymers
4.3.1 Molecular Weight (MW) / Degree of Polymerisation (DP) and its Dispersity (ÐMW / ÐDP)
4.3.2 Fraction of Acetylation (FA) and its Dispersity (ÐFA)
4.3.3 Pattern of Acetylation (PA)
4.4 Outlook
References
Chapter 5 Chitosan-Based Hydrogels
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Chitosan-Based Multilayered Hydrogels
5.2.1 Periodic Precipitation
5.2.2 Alternating Process
5.2.3 Induced by Electrical Signals
5.2.4 Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Assembly
5.2.5 Sequential Curing
5.3 Chitin/Chitosan Physical Hydrogels Based on Alkali/Urea Solvent System
5.3.1 Chitin Hydrogels Based on Alkali/Urea Solvent System
5.3.2 Chitosan Hydrogels Based on Alkali/Urea Solvent System
5.4 Chitosan-Based Injectable Hydrogels
5.4.1 Physical Association Networks
5.4.2 Chemical Association Networks
5.4.3 Double-Network Hydrogels
5.5 Chitosan-Based Self-Healing Hydrogels
5.5.1 Physical Interactions
5.5.2 Dynamic Chemical Bonds
5.6 Chitosan-Based Shape Memory Hydrogels
5.6.1 Water-/Solvent-Triggered Shape Recovery
5.6.2 pH-triggered Shape Recovery
5.6.3 Ultrasound Triggered Shape Recovery
5.6.4 Self-Actuated Shape Memory Hydrogels
5.6.5 Chitosan-Based Hydrogels with Triple Shape Memory Effect
5.7 Superabsorbent Chitosan-Based Hydrogels
5.7.1 Cross-Linked Chitosan-Based Hydrogels
5.7.2 Hydrogels by Graft Copolymerization
5.7.3 Chitosan-Based Composite Hydrogels
5.7.4 Pure Chitosan-Based Materials
5.8 Outlook
References
Chapter 6 Beneficial Health Effects of Chitin and Chitosan
6.1 Immunomodulatory Effects of Chitin and Chitosan as Demonstrated with In Vitro Studies
6.2 Beneficial Health Effects Mediated by Chitin and Chitosan as Demonstrated with Animal Studies
6.2.1 Immune Modulation
6.2.2 Anti-Pathogenic Effects
6.2.3 Anti-Tumour Effects
6.3 Beneficial Health Effects Mediated by Chitin and Chitosan as Demonstrated with Clinical Trials
6.3.1 Cholesterol Reduction and CVD Preventive Effects
6.3.2 Other Health Effects
6.4 Requirements to forward the Field of Study Towards the Beneficial Health Effects of Chitin and Chitosan
6.5 Outlook
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 7 Antimicrobial Properties of Chitin and Chitosan
7.1 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan - The Mechanism of its Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity
7.2 The use of Chitin/Chitosan's Microbiological Activity in Medicine and Pharmacy
7.3 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan in the Food Industry
7.4 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan in Paper and Textile Industries
7.5 Microbiological Activity of Chitosan in Agriculture
7.6 Outlook
References
Chapter 8 Enzymes for Modification of Chitin and Chitosan
8.1 CAZymes in Chitin Degradation and Modification
8.1.1 Chitinases
8.1.2 ß-N-acetylhexosaminidases
8.1.3 Exo-ß-glucosaminidases
8.1.4 Chitosanases
8.1.5 Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases
8.1.6 Carbohydrate Esterases
8.1.7 Carbohydrate-Binding Modules
8.2 Modular Diversity in Chitinases, Chitosanases and LPMOs
8.3 Biological Roles of Chitin-Active Enzymes
8.4 Microbial Degradation and Utilisation of Chitin
8.4.1 Chitin Degradation by Serratia marcescens
8.4.2 Chitin Degradation by Bacteria in the Bacteroidetes Phylum
8.4.3 Chitin Degradation by Thermococcus Kodakarensis
8.4.4 Chitin Degradation by Fungi
8.5 Biotechnological Perspectives
8.6 Biorefining of Chitin-Rich Biomass
8.7 Outlook
References
Chapter 9 Chitin and Chitosan as Sources of Bio-Based Building Blocks and Chemicals
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Chitin Conversion into Chitosan, Chitooligosaccharides and Monosaccharides
9.2.1 Chitosan Production
9.2.2 Production of Chitooligosaccharides
9.2.3 Production of GlcNAc and GlcN from Chitin
9.3 Building Blocks for Polymers from Chitin and its Derivatives
9.3.1 Furan-Based Monomers
9.3.2 Amino Alcohol and Amino Acid Building Blocks
9.4 Outlook
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 10 Chemical and Enzymatic Modification of Chitosan to Produce New Functional Materials with Improved Properties
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Functional Chitosan Derivatives by Chemical and Enzymatic Modification
10.2.1 Anionic Chitosan Derivatives
10.2.2 Hydroxyalkylchitosans
10.2.3 Quaternised and Highly Cationic Chitosan Derivatives
10.2.4 Hydroxyaryl Chitosan Derivatives
10.2.5 Carbohydrate-Modified Chitosan
10.3 Graft Co-Polymers of Chitosan
10.4 Cross-Linked Chitosan and Chitosan Polymer Networks
10.5 Outlook
References
Chapter 11 Chitosan-Based DrugDelivery Systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Beneficial Effects of Chitosan
11.2.1 Interaction with Anionic Drugs
11.2.2 Mucoadhesive Properties
11.2.3 Transfection Activity
11.2.4 Efflux Pump Inhibitory Properties
11.2.5 Permeation-Enhancing Properties
11.3 Chitosan-an Active Polymer for Bypassing Biological Barriers
11.3.1 Skin Barrier
11.3.2 Mucosa Barrier
11.3.3 Ophthalmic Barrier
11.3.4 Blood-Brain Barrier
11.4 Chitosan-Based DDS Formulations
11.4.1 Hydrogels
11.4.2 Micro/NPs
11.4.3 Nanofibers
11.4.4 Scaffolds and Membranes
11.5 Outlook
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 12 The Application of Chitin and its Derivatives for the Design of Advanced Medical Devices
12.1 Selection of the Raw Sources: Safety Criteria
12.1.1 Aspect of Animal Tissue-Originated Derivatives
12.1.2 General Requirements for Chitinous Biopolymers Applied in Designing Medical Devices
12.1.3 Characterisation of the Biopolymer for Application in Wound Dressing Designing
12.1.4 Aspect of the Sterilization of the Final Wound Dressing
12.2 Types of Wound Dressings Consisting of Chitin-Derived Biopolymers Available in the Market
12.3 Performance and Safety Assessment
12.4 New Ideas and Concepts
12.5 Risk Acceptance and Design Process Aspects
12.6 Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 13 Food Applications of Chitosan and its Derivatives
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Chitosan and its Derivatives as Food Additive
13.2.1 Antioxidant
13.2.2 Antimicrobial
13.2.3 Stabilizer and Thickener
13.3 Functional Ingredient and Health Beneficial Effects
13.4 Active Packaging
13.5 Enzyme Immobilization
13.6 Encapsulation and Delivering of Bioactive Ingredients
13.7 Adsorption and Chelation of Toxic and Undesirable Compounds
13.8 Outlook
References
Chapter 14 Potential of Chitosans in the Development of Edible Food Packaging
14.1 Potential limitations for real introduction into the market
14.1.1 Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)
14.1.2 Solubility
14.1.3 Source-Origin
14.1.4 Structure variability
14.2 Films and coatings for food preservation
14.2.1 Definitions and interests
14.2.2 Main relevant chitosan-Based material properties
14.3 Specific case of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs)
14.3.1 CSNPs
14.3.2 CSNPs in various edible films
14.3.3 Antimicrobial activities of CSNPs in edible films
14.3.4 Toxicity studies of CSNPs
14.4 Applications to sensitive real food products
14.4.1 Fruits and vegetables
14.4.2 Meat and meat products
14.4.3 Fish and seafood products
14.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15 The Use of Chitosan-Based Nanoformulations for Controlling Fungi During Storage of Horticultural Commodities
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Importance of Fruits and Vegetables
15.3 Storage Disorders and Diseases of Horticultural Products
15.4 Plant Fungi Inhibition by Chitosan Application
15.5 Chitosan Integrated with Other Alternative Methods for Controlling Postharvest Fungi
15.6 Chitosan-Based Formulations
15.7 Physiological Response and Quality Retention of Horticultural Commodities to Chitosan Coating Application
15.8 Influence of Chitosan Coatings on the Shelf Life of Horticultural Products
15.9 Effects of Chitosan Coatings with Additional Compounds on Quality and Microorganisms Development
15.10 Integration of Chitosan Nanoparticles into Coating Formulations and their Effects on the Quality of Horticultural Commodities and Development of Microorganisms
15.11 Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 16 Chitosan Application in Textile Processing and Fabric Coating
16.1 Chitosan in the Textile Industry
16.2 Textile Production
16.3 General Test Methods
16.4 Fibres and Yarns from Chitin and Chitosan
16.4.1 Chitin and Chitosan Solubilisation for Spinning Purposes
16.4.2 Chitosan Spinning Processes
16.4.3 Mechanical Properties of Chitosan Fibres/Yarns
16.5 Sizing with Chitosan
16.5.1 Miscibility of Chitosan with Other Sizing Agents
16.5.2 Viscosity of Chitosan-Containing Sizing Agents
16.5.3 Adhesion and Wetting
16.5.4 Mechanical-Physical Properties of Chitosan Films
16.5.5 Removal and Processing of Chitosan Sizing after Weaving
16.6 Chitosan as a Finishing Agent or Coating
16.6.1 Chitosan as a Carrier and Linker
16.6.2 Formation of a Durable Finish with Chitosan
16.6.3 Chitosan as an Active Agent
16.7 Outlook
Nomenclature
References
Chapter 17 Chitin and Chitosan for Water Purification
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Wastewater Treatment by Adsorption
17.2.1 Principle of the Adsorption Process
17.2.2 Adsorption of Organic Compounds
17.2.3 Adsorption of Heavy Metals
17.3 Wastewater Treatment by Coagulation/Flocculation
17.4 Wastewater Treatment by Membrane Separation
17.4.1 Principle of Ultrafiltration Process
17.4.2 Fabrication of Ultrafiltration Blend Membranes
17.4.3 Chitosan-Enhanced Ultrafiltration
17.5 Outlook
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 18 Chitosan for Sensors and Electrochemical Applications
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Chitosan: A Biopolymer with Unique Properties
18.3 Modification and Preparation of Chitosan-Based Materials for Electrochemical Applications
18.4 The Proton Conductivity of Chitosan
18.5 Selected Applications
18.5.1 Electrochemical Sensors
18.5.2 Spectroscopic Sensors
18.5.3 Other Electrochemical Devices
18.6 Outlook
References
Chapter 19 Marketing and Regulations of Chitin and Chitosan from Insects
19.1 Historical Outline
19.2 Natural Origins of Chitin
19.3 Specificities of Chitin Biopolymer
19.4 Differences Among Chitins from Insects and Other Sources
19.4.1 Differences of Chemical Compositions of the Cuticles
19.4.2 Differences of Physical Assemblies of Chains and Molecules
19.5 Extraction and Purification Specificities of Chitins from Insects
19.5.1 Different Cuticle Structures and Contents of Insects
19.5.2 Chemical Extraction
19.5.3 Biological Extraction
19.5.4 Characterization and Transformation into Chitosan
19.6 Market Opportunities and its Regulations
19.6.1 Agriculture Applications
19.6.2 Water Treatment Applications
19.6.3 Material Applications
19.6.4 Biomedical Applications
19.7 Outlook
References
Index
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