Managed Pressure Drilling: Fundamentals, Methods and Applications

PrefaceA Note on NotationChapter 1 - Introduction1.1. What is MPD?1.2. MPD Variants, Terminology & Classification1.3. Brief History and Overview of MPD Variants1.3.1. General Introduction1.3.2. Continuous Circulation1.3.3. Surface Back Pressure MPD1.3.4. Riserless and Dual-Gradient Drilling1.3.5. Mud Cap Drilling1.3.6. Managed Pressure Cementing and Completions1.4. Main Benefits & Advantages of MPD1.5. The Stakeholder Case for Action - Why Adopt MPD?2. Fundamentals & Essential Background2.1. Introduction2.2. Hydraulics2.2.1. Hydraulics Introduction2.2.2. Hydrostatics2.2.2.1. Definitions2.2.2.2. Density - Ideal and Non-Ideal Mixing2.2.2.3. Incompressible Fluids2.2.2.4. Compressible Fluids2.2.2.5. Effect of Hole Cleaning and Barite Sag on Density2.2.2.6. Multiple Fluid Gradients & Unbalanced U-Tube Effects2.2.3. Hydrodynamics2.2.3.1. Pump Pressure, Frictional Pressure Loss & ECD2.2.3.2. Hydraulics Models2.2.3.3. Hydraulic Modeling: Calculating Frictional Pressure Losses during Circulation2.2.3.4. Transient Effects: Surge & Swab2.2.3.5. Transient Effects: Mud Gelation and Pump Startups2.2.3.6. Hole Cleaning2.2.3.7. Bit Pressure Drop2.2.3.8. Other Hydraulic Pressure Losses2.2.3.9. Uncertainty in Hydraulic Modeling2.3. Rock Mechanics and the Drilling Margin2.3.1. Drilling Margin Introduction2.3.2. Pore Pressure2.3.2.1. Pore Pressure Introduction2.3.2.2. Pore Pressure Regimes2.3.2.3. Deepwater Pore Pressure - Effect of Water Depth2.3.2.4. Pore Pressure Indicators2.3.2.5. Pore Pressure Evaluation and Prediction2.3.3. Fracture Gradient2.3.3.1 Fracture Gradient Introduction2.3.3.2. Formation Integrity & Leak-Off Testing, Dynamic MPD Testing2.3.3.3. Fracture Gradient Considerations2.3.3.4. Ballooning / Losses & Gains / Wellbore Breathing2.3.3.5. Fracture Gradient Evaluation and Prediction2.3.4. Effect of Depletion on Pore Pressure and Fracture Gradient2.3.5. Borehole Stability2.3.5.1. Borehole Stability Introduction2.3.5.2. Stress Tensor & Subsurface Stress Regimes2.3.5.3. Subsurface Stress and Rock Failure2.3.5.4. Near-Wellbore Stresses & Failure Orientation2.3.5.5. Mud Weight for Borehole Stability - Avoiding Shear Failure2.3.5.6. Mud Weight to Prevent Tensile Failure & Induced Fracturing2.3.5.7. Wellbore Trajectory and the Drilling Margin2.3.5.8. Obtaining Borehole Stability Modeling Input Variables2.3.5.9. Borehole Stability Modeling Recommendations2.3.6. Extending the Drilling Margin: Artificial Wellbore Strengthening2.4. Well Control2.4.1. Well Control Introduction2.4.2. Definitions2.4.3. Conventional Kick Detection2.4.4. Wellbore Breathing Detection & Flowback Fingerprinting2.4.5. Conventional Well Shut-In, SIDPP & SICP2.4.6. MAASP/MASP & MAWP2.4.7. Kick Intensity (KI) & Kick Tolerance (KT)2.4.8. Casing Point Selection2.4.9. Phase-Behavior of Gases2.4.10. Gas Solubility2.4.11. Conventional Well Control Methods2.4.11.1. Driller's Method2.4.11.2. Wait & Weight Method2.4.11.3. Bullheading / Annular Injection2.4.11.4. Subsea Well Control2.4.11.5. Riser Margin and Emergency Riser Disconnects2.4.12. Mud Gas Separator (MGS) Sizing2.4.12.1. Gas Separation Capacity2.4.12.2. Maximum Allowable Internal Pressure and Gas Flow Rate2.5. Speed of Sound2.6. Temperature Effects2.6.1. Introduction2.6.2. Temperature Regimes, HPHT Classification2.6.3. Temperature Modeling2.6.4. Effect of Temperature on Fluid Properties2.6.5. Effect of Temperature on Wellbore Stability and Lost Circulation2.6.6. Effect of Temperature on MAASP and Kick Tolerance2.6.7. Effect of Temperature during Non-Circulatory Periods / Connections2.7. Pipe Light Conditions2.8. Recommended Reading3. MPD Benefits and Risks3.1. Introduction - How MPD Changes the Game and Adds Value3.2. Improved Safety3.2.1. Early Kick Detection (EKD), Early Kick & Loss Detection (EKLD)3.2.2. Improved Pressure Control and Influx Management3.2.3. Dynamic Pore Pressure, Formation Integrity and Leak Off Testing (DPPT, DFIT, DLOT)3.3. Well Design Optimization3.4. NPT Avoidance3.4.1.