Synthesis of Solid Catalysts

PART I: Basic Principles and Tools

GENERAL ASPECTS
Importance of Solid Catalysts
Development of Solid Catalysts
Development of Solid Catalyst Synthesis
About this book
INTERFACIAL CHEMISTRY
Introduction
Interfacial and Bulk Deposition
The Surface of the Oxidic Supports: Surface Ionization Models
The Size and the Structure of the Interface
The Arrangement of the Ions Inside the Interface and the Deposition Modes
Determining the Mode of Interfacial Depostion and the Surface Speciation/Structure of the Deposited Precursor Species
A Case Study: The Deposition of Co(H2=)6 2+ Aqua Complex on the Titania Surface
ELECTROSTATIC ADSORPTION
Introduction
Purely Electrostatic Adsorption
Electrostatic Adsorption with Metal Respeciation
Electrostatic Adsorption and Ion Exchange
Electrostatic Adsorption and Deposition-Precipitation
Electrostatic Adsorption and Surface Reaction
Electrostatics and Dissolution, Reaction, and Redeposition
Electrostatics-Based Design
IMPREGNATION AND DRYING
Introduction
Impregnation
Drying
The Chemistry
Impregnation and Drying of an MoOx/Al2O3 Catalyst
SOL-GEL PROCESSING
Introduction
Physicochemical Basis and Principles of Sol-Gel Processing
Application of Sol-Gel Processing for the Preparation of Solid Catalysts
DEPOSITION PRECIPITATION
Introduction
Theory and Practice
Mechanistic Studies
Case Studies
COPRECIPITATION
Introduction
Basic Principles of Precipitation and Nucleation
Raw Materials
Precipitation Conditions
Process Operation
Examples
New Developments in Process Monitoring
CLUSTERS AND IMMOBILIZATION
Introduction
The Surface of Common Supports
Clusters in Catalysis
Reaction with Unmodified Surface
"Ship-in-a-Bottle" Synthesis
Tethering
SHAPING OF SOLID CATALYSTS
Objectives of Catalyst Shaping
Fixed-Bed Reactors - Particle Beds

Fixed-Bed Reactors - Monoliths
Catalysts for Moving-Bed Reactors
Catalysts for Fluidized Beds
SPACE AND TIME-RESOLVED SPECTROSCOPY OF CATALYST BODIES
Introduction
Space- and Time-Resolved Methods Applied to Catalyst Bodies
Case Studies
Future Prospects
HIGH-THROUGHPUT EXPERIMENTATION
Introduction
Synthesis Strategies
Catalyst Libraries for Primary Screening
Catalyst Libraries for Secondary Screening
Catalyst Libraries for Special Reactor Types
An Industrial Point of View

PART II: Case Studies

CONCEPTS FOR PREPARATION OF ZEOLITE-BASED CATALYSTS
Introduction and Scope
Zeolite Effects in Catalysis
Zeolitization
ORDERED MESOPOROUS MATERIALS
Introduction
Mesoporous Silica
Organic Group Functionalized Mesoporous Silicates
Metal-Substituted Mesoporous Silica Molecular Sieves
Carbon
Nonsiliceous Oxides
Nonoxides
HYDROTREATING CATALYSTS
Introduction
Typical Hydrotreating Catalyst
Support Preparation
Metal Comixing/Coextrusion and Coprecipitation Routes
Impregnation of Metals
Presulfiding as the Last Stage in Hydrotreating Catalyst Preparation
Industrial Process for the Production of the Oxidic Catalyst
METHANOL CATALYSTS
Binary Cu/ZnO Catalysts
Coprecipitation
The Role of Alumina in Ternary Catalysts
Alternative Preparation Routes
CASE STUDIES OF NOBEL-METAL CATALYSTS
Introduction
Optimization of Catalyst Preparation
GOLD CATALYSTS
Introduction
Preparations Involving Aqueous Solutions
Preparations Involving Organometallic Precursors
Deposition of Gold Nanoparticles
One-Step Preparations
Special Methods