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Ultra-sensitive optical detectors and sensors are an important object in research and development with a lot of progress in using monolithic integration in CMOS technology. Low light levels require advanced photodiodes and low-noise amplifiers to detect weak optical signals reliably. But the most sensitive single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) with their dark counts, after pulses and optical crosstalk are causing problems and additional effort in many applications. In addition, the well-known transimpedance amplifiers came to their limit and a new approach is needed.
The book intends to show the progress of integrated photodiodes concerning low capacitance, high quantum efficiency and large bandwidths. Furthermore, novel approaches for amplifiers in the low-light intensity regime are discussed.
Newest research results are introduced and comprehensively detailed. The topic is covered from basics to applications and the state of the art is reviewed. The properties of innovative dot PIN and dot avalanche photodiodes are compared in compact form.
Dedicated circuits to exploit these photodiodes are introduced and explained in detail. Surprizing results will demonstrate the challenge and fascination of research.
Microelectronics, circuit engineering and optoelectronics are combined in a compact, easily understandable way.
Numerous elaborate illustrations and tables facilitate and enhance comprehension.
The book addresses students, Ph.D. students, physicists, engineers and scientists at universities, in industry and research laboratories in the exiting field of advanced optical receivers and sensors, e. g. in optical data transmission, imaging and biomedical applications.
Dr. Horst Zimmermann is professor for Electronic Circuit Engineering at TU Wien, Vienna, Austria since 2000. His main interests are in design, characterization of analog and nanometer CMOS circuits, optoelectronic integrated CMOS and BiCMOS circuits, as well as optical wireless communication, in single-photon detection and in electronic-photonic integration. He is author and co-author of more than 600 publications. In 2002 he became Senior Member IEEE. He was primary guest editor of the Nov./Dec. 2014 issue of IEEE J. Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics on Optical Detectors: Technology and Applications.
Preface
Author biography
Symbol
1 Motivation
1.1 PIN-photodiode and APD receivers
1.2 SPAD receivers
1.3 Quantum image sensors
1.4 The principle of ultra-sensitive PIN and avalanche photodiode receivers
References
2 Basics of photodiodes
2.1 Optical absorption and photogeneration
2.2 Drift and diffusion
2.3 Width of space-charge region and capacitance
2.4 Impact ionisation
2.5 Breakdown voltage
3 Basics of noise and sensitivity
3.1 Thermal noise
3.2 Shot noise
3.3 1/f Noise
3.4 Noise in field-effect transistors
3.5 Noise of PIN-FET receiver
3.6 Sensitivity
3.7 TIA noise
3.8 Noise bandwidth
3.9 Noise of integrator
3.10 Excess noise of APDs
3.11 Photon noise
3.12 Reset noise
4 Basics of optical receivers
4.1 Resistive-feedback transimpedance amplifiers
4.2 Current amplifiers
4.3 Integrating optical receivers
5 Low-capacitance photodiodes
5.1 PIN photodiodes-a predictive insight
5.2 PIN photodiodes in 0.18 µm CMOS
5.3 Avalanche photodiodes
5.4 Multi-dot photodiodes for large photosensitive areas
5.5 Isolation of circuits
6 Ultra-sensitive PIN photodiode receivers
6.1 Inverter integrator in 0.35 µm CMOS
6.2 Integrator with common-source amplifier in 0.35 µm CMOS
6.3 Inverter integrator in 0.18 µm CMOS
6.4 Integrator with common-source amplifier in 0.18 µm CMOS
6.5 Reset-less integrating receiver
6.6 Reset-less integrating receiver with punch-through device
7 Ultra-sensitive avalanche photodiode receivers
7.1 Three-inverter TIA with resistive feedback
7.2 Three-inverter TIA with negative capacitance and resistive feedback
7.3 Integrating APD receivers
8 Summary and completion
8.1 Recapitulation
8.2 Comparison
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