List of Abbreviations

A AC Activated carbon ACT 4-Acetamido-TEMPO AFEX Ammonia fiber explosion AFGM Adjacent functional group modification B BDE Bond dissociation enthalpy BNL Brauns native lignin BTX Benzene-toluene-xylenes C C3H Coumarate 3-hydroxylase C4H Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase CAD Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase. CB Conduction band CCoAOTM Caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase CCR Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase CCTC Contact charge transfer complex CDE CO2 explosion CEL Cellulolytic Enzyme Lignins 4CL 4-coumarate CoA ligase CoA Coenzyme A COMT CoA O-methyltransferase CP/MAS It is a combination of cross-polarization sequence (CP) and magic angle transformation technology (MAS). D DAIB Diacetoxyiodobenzene DBAD Diisopropyl azodiformate DDQ 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone DEPT Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer DES Deep eutectic solvent DFRC Derivatization followed by reductive cleavage DFT Density functional theory DIPEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine DL Dioxane (acidolysis) lignins DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide DSPEC Dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cell E E-4-P Erythrose-4-phosphate EMAL Enzymatic mild acidolysis lignin ESR Electron spin resonance absorption EXAFS Extended X-ray absorption fine structure F F5H Ferulate 5-hydroxylase FA Formic acid FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy infrared absorption spectroscopy G GFC Gel-filtration chromatography GH Glucosylhydrolases GPC Gel-permeation chromatography GS Glutathione GT Glucosyl transferases G-unit Coniferyl alcohol, or lignin phenylpropanoid unit with one -OMe connecting with the aromatic ring H HAADF-STEM High angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy HAT Hydrogen atom transfer HBS High-boiling-point solvent HCT Hydroxycinnamoyltransferase HMBC Heteronuclear multiple bond correlation HMQC Heteronuclear multiple-quantum correlation HPAs Heteropoly acids HPSEC High-performance size-exclusion chromatography HTC Hydrotalcite H-unit p-Coumaric alcohol, or lignin phenylpropanoid unit without -OMe connecting with the aromatic ring I IDA Inverse disassembly analysis ILs Ionic liquids INADEQUATE Incredible natural abundance double quantum transfer experiment L LA Lewis acid LAR Lignin isolation from lignocellulose with lignin as the residue LBD Lignin isolation from lignocellulose by first lignin dissolution LC Lignocellulose LCC Lignin-carbohydrate complex LDH Layered-double hydroxide catalyst LDP Lignin depolymerization LMCT Ligand-to-metal charge-transfer LS Lignocellulose M MALDI-TOF Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry mCPBA m-Chloroperbenzoic acid MDO Methyldioxorheniu MOF Metal-organic framework MTO Methyltrioxorhenium MWD Molecular weight distribution MWL Milled-wood lignin N NCS N-chlorosuccinimide NE Nucleus exchange NHC N-heterocyclic carbene NHPI N-hydroxyphthalimide NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy NPs Nanoparticles (noble metal) O OAT Oxygen atom transfer ... OMS Open metal sites