Lichen-Derived Products

Name: Lichen-Derived Products | Extraction and Applications
Brand: Wiley
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Extraction and Applications

Mohd Yusuf(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 15. September 2020

304 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Part 1 Morphological Overview and Extraction Prospects
Chapter 1 An Overview on Lichen's Morphology, Chemistry of Derived Products, and Current Scenario
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Lichen's Body: Thallus Morphology
1.2.1 Foliose
1.2.2 Fruiticose
1.2.3 Squamulose Lichens
1.2.4 Crustose
1.2.5 Placodioid/Crustose-Placodioid/Squamulose-Placodioid
1.2.6 Leprose
1.2.7 Filamentous Lichens
1.2.8 Without any Definite Shape or Lichens Without any Visible Thallus
1.3 Chemistry of Lichen-Derived Products
1.4 Current Scenario of Lichens and Derived Products Thereof
1.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Chapter 2 Comparative Perspectives on Extraction Methods for Organic Metabolites and Pollutants from Lichens
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Organic Lichen-Derived Compounds
2.1.1.1 Organic Air Pollutants
2.1.1.2 Lichen Metabolites
2.2 Sample Preparation and Solvent Extraction
2.3 Extraction of Organic Air Pollutants
2.3.1 Soxhlet Extraction
2.3.2 Ultrasonic Extraction
2.3.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
2.3.4 QuEChERS
2.3.5 Other Extraction Methods
2.4 Extraction of Lichen Metabolites
2.4.1 Traditional Approaches
2.4.1.1 Boiling Extraction
2.4.1.2 Shaking
2.4.1.3 Ammonia Extraction
2.4.2 Alternative Extraction Approaches for Lichen Metabolites
2.4.2.1 Soxhlet Extraction
2.4.2.2 Ultrasonic Extraction
2.4.2.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
2.4.2.4 QuEChERS
2.4.2.5 Solid Phase Microextraction
2.4.2.6 Other Extraction Methods
2.5 Extract Cleanup
2.6 Analysis of Lichen Extracts
2.6.1 GC
2.6.2 LC
2.6.3 Other Analytical Methods
2.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Review on Advanced Methods for Extraction and Identification of NatureDerived Bioactive and Economic Products
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Accelerated Solvent Extraction
3.2.1 Effect of Solubility and Mass Transfer
3.2.2 Lowering the Surface Equilibrium
3.3 Ultrasound/Ultrasonic Extraction
3.4 Microwave Extraction
3.4.1 Solvent Composition
3.4.2 Solvent Volume
3.4.3 Temperature
3.4.4 Extraction Time
3.4.5 Biomass Characteristics and Water Content
3.5 Ultrasound-Microwave Mixed
3.6 High Hydrostatic Pressure Extraction
3.7 Enzyme Supported Extraction
3.7.1 The Types and Characteristics of Enzyme
3.7.2 The Breakdown of Cell Walls by Enzyme
3.8 Pulsed Electric Field Extraction
3.9 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
3.9.1 Supercritical Fluid (SCF)
3.9.2 Properties of SCF
3.10 Modern Identification Methods Based on Spectroscopy Approach
3.10.1 Mass Spectroscopy (MS)
3.10.2 NMR Spectroscopy
3.10.3 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
3.10.4 Infrared Spectroscopy
3.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Lichens and Lichenology: Historical and Economic Prospects
4.1 Historical Prospects of Lichens
4.2 Lichens and Symbiosis
4.3 Economic Prospects
4.3.1 Food Relation
4.3.1.1 As Food
4.3.1.2 As Fodder
4.3.1.3 As Natural Food Flavoring Agent
4.3.2 Paper and Textiles Relation
4.3.2.1 Litmus Dye Paper
4.3.2.2 As Textile Dyes
4.3.3 In Perfumery
4.3.4 In Medicine and Medical Formulations
4.3.5 Age Determination of Substrates/Rocks/Plants or Lichenometric Dating
4.3.6 Environmental Benefits/Biomonitoring
4.4 Future Outlook and Conclusion
References
Part 2 Trends and Applications
Chapter 5 Biomedical Aspects of Lichen-Derived Products: Roadmap to Alternative Sources for Synthetic Drugs
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biological Activities
5.2.1 Anticancer Activity
5.2.2 Antimicrobial Activity
5.2.3 Antiviral Activity
5.2.4 Antioxidant Activity
5.2.5 Immunomodulator Activity
5.2.6 Insecticidal Activity
5.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Lichens as Sources of Antibacterial Compounds
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts of Lichens
6.3 Antibacterial Activity of Lichenic Acids
6.4 Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts of Lichens and of Their Bioactive Compounds
6.5 Interactions Between Lichen's Secondary Metabolites and Standard Antibiotics
6.6 Future Visions
6.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Lichens: Natural Alternatives in Textiles Finishing
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Lichens as Dyes
7.3 Coloring Components From Lichens
7.4 Dye Extraction From Lichens
7.5 Advantages and Limitations of Lichens Extracted Dyes
7.6 Conclusion and Future Scope of Lichen Dyes
References
Chapter 8 A Review on Trends and Opportunity in Edible Lichens
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Feed and Fodder
8.2.1 Cetraria islandica
8.2.2 Roccella montagnei
8.2.3 Cladonia rangiferina
8.2.4 Bryoria fremontii
8.2.5 Parmelia perlata
8.2.6 Umbilicaria Species
8.2.7 Usnea florida
8.3 Lichens as Food Additives
8.3.1 Lichen-Based Tea
8.3.2 Lichens as Spice
8.3.3 Food Coloring Aspects
8.4 Lichens as Snuffing Agents
8.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Chapter 9 Biotechnological Applications of Lichens
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biotechnological Applications of Lichens
9.2.1 Antioxidant Activity
9.2.2 Antimicrobial Activity
9.2.3 As Bioindicators
9.2.4 Anticancer Activity
9.2.5 Anti-Insecticidal Activity
9.2.6 Enzyme Inhibition Activity
9.2.7 Antidiabetic Activity
9.3 Conclusion and Future Dimension
References
Chapter 10 Potential of Lichen's Extract as Natural Photosensitizer for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
10.1 Introduction
10.2 DSSC Operations and Components
10.2.1 Operating Principle
10.3 Constituents
10.3.1 Working Electrode/Semi-Conductor Electrode
10.3.2 Electrolyte
10.3.2.1 Volatile Organic Solvent
10.3.2.2 Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Electrolytes (RTIL)
10.3.2.3 Polymer Electrolytes
10.3.2.4 Redox Couple
10.3.3 Counter Electrode
10.4 Natural Dye Sensitizers
10.4.1 Chlorophylls
10.4.2 Anthocyanins
10.4.3 Anthocyanidins
10.4.4 Flavonoids
10.4.5 Carotenoids
10.5 Photoelectrochemical Parameters
10.6 Preparation of Dye Solution and Electrodes
10.6.1 Preparation of Working Electrode
10.6.2 Preparation of CE
10.6.3 Preparation of Dye Solution
10.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Chapter 11 Lichen-Derived Products as Sustainable Source of Natural Dyes
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Classification of Lichen
11.3 Natural Dyes
11.3.1 Classification of Natural Dyes
11.3.2 Pros and Cons of Natural Dyes
11.3.3 Environmental and Health Aspects of Natural Dyes
11.3.4 Economic Aspects of Natural Dyes
11.4 Extraction Methods of Natural Dyes
11.5 Lichen as a Source of Natural Dye
11.5.1 Extraction Methods of Colorants From Lichen
11.5.2 Lichen as a Source of Purple Dye
11.5.3 Lichen as a Source of Red Dye
11.5.4 Lichen as a Source of Yellow Dye
11.5.5 Lichen as a Source of Blue Dye
11.5.6 Isolation Medium Dependant Colorants from Lichens
11.5.7 Future Prospectus of Lichen Dyeing
11.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Biomedical Perspectives of Lichen-Derived Products
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Coevolution of Lichens
12.3 Diversity Among Growth Forms of Lichens
12.4 Lichen Secondary Metabolites and Their Structures (Lichen Substances)
12.5 Biomedical and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites of Lichens
12.5.1 Antioxidant Activity
12.5.2 Cytotoxic Activity
12.5.3 Antiviral Activity
12.5.4 Antitumor Activity
12.5.5 Antidiabetic Activity of Lichens
12.5.6 Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity
12.6 Conclusion
References
Index
EULA

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