Biochemistry: Fundamentals and Bioenergetics

Name: Biochemistry: Fundamentals and Bioenergetics
Brand: Bentham Science Publishers
Price: 68.11 EUR
Availability: OnlineOnly

Meera Yadav H. S. Yadav(Herausgeber*in)

Bentham Science Publishers

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 29. Oktober 2021

430 Seiten

E-Book

ePUB mit Adobe-DRM

Systemvoraussetzungen

978-1-68108-847-1 (ISBN)

68,11 €inkl. 7% MwSt.

Systemvoraussetzungen

für ePUB mit Adobe-DRM

E-Book Einzellizenz

Als Download verfügbar

Beschreibung

Weitere Details

Weitere Ausgaben

Inhalt

Cover
Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Foreword
Preface
List of Contributors
Scope and Importance of Biological Chemistry
Nene Takio1, Meera Yadav1,* and Hardeo Singh Yadav1
INTRODUCTION
CENTRE OF BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
BRANCHES IN BIOCHEMISTRY
Enzymology
Factors Affecting the Enzyme Activity
Endocrinology
Molecular Biology
Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering
Applications of Genetic Engineering
Structural and Metabolic Biochemistry
WHY UNDERSTANDING BIOCHEMISTRY IS IMPORTANT?
Importance of Biochemistry in Medicine
Drug Designing
Diagnosis
Nutrition
Importance of Biochemistry in Agriculture
Importance of Biochemistry in Nutrition
Importance of Biochemistry in Pathology
Importance of Biochemistry in Pharmacy
Drug Constitution
The Half-life
Drug Storage
Drug Metabolism
Importance of Biochemistry in Plants
Photosynthesis
Different Sugars
Plants Secondary Metabolites
RECENT TRENDS IN BIOCHEMISTRY
Human Genome Project
Application and Benefits of Human Genome Project (HGP)
Environmental Biochemistry
Biomarkers
Biosensors
Latest Developments in Environmentally Friendly Biosensors
Gene Therapy
CANCER
KEYWORDS
Genome
Biopsy
Genotype
Xenobiotics
Transgenes
SHORT-ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
LONG-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Structure of Water: Acid-Base and Buffers
Hydrogen Bonding
Nivedita Rai1, Shilpa Saikia1, Meera Yadav1,* and Hardeo Singh Yadav1
INTRODUCTION
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF WATER
ACID AND BASE CONCEPT
Properties of Acids and Bases According to Robert Boyle
The Arrhenius Definition of Acids and Bases
Limitations of Arrhenius Theory
Bronsted Definition of Acids and Bases
Conjugate Acids and Bases
The Acid-Base Chemistry of Water
Lewis Acid-base Concept
pH Scale
HYDROGEN BONDING IN WATER
TYPES OF HYDROGEN BOND
HYDROPHOBIC
HISTORY
NOMENCLATURE
SUMMARY
LONG-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
SHORT-ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Electrostatic and Van Der Waals Forces
Nene Takio1, Dencil Basumatary1, Meera Yadav1,* and Hardeo Singh Yadav1
INTRODUCTION
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN BIOMOLECULES
Covalent Bonds
Non-Covalent Bonds
HYDROGEN BONDING
HYDROGEN BONDING AND ITS ROLE IN DNA
HYDROGEN BONDING IN PROTEINS
ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS
ROLE IN PROTEIN FOLDING
MOLECULAR RECOGNITION
VANDER WAALS INTERACTIONS
Dipole-dipole/Keesom Interactions
Dipole Induced Dipole/Debye Forces
London Dispersion Forces
HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTION
Causes of Hydrophobic Interactions
Thermodynamics of Hydrophobic Interactions
Formation of Hydrophobic Interactions
Strength of Hydrophobic Interactions
Temperature
Number of Carbon Atoms on the Molecules
Shape of Hydrophobes
Hydrophobic Interactions in Protein Folding
Zwitterions
Glycine vs. Carbonic Acid
Titration Curves
Buffer Capacity and Buffer Intensity
ROLE OF FORCES IN BIOMOLECULES
SUMMARY
KEYWORDS
Vander Waals Contact Distance
Dipole-dipole Interactions
Thermophiles
Supramolecules
SHORT-ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
LONG-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Introduction To Physical Techniques for Determination of Structure of Biopolymers
Nene Takio1, Meera Yadav1,* and SonamTashi Khom1
INTRODUCTION
BIOPOLYMER TECHNIQUES
X-ray Crystallography
Diffraction in X-ray Crystallography
Applications
NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)
Electron Microscopy
Principle of Electron Microscopy
Types of Electron Microscopy
Transmission Microscopy (TEM)
SEM VS. TEM
SEM vs. TEM Advantages
Compared to SEMs, TEMs
Electron Tomography
SUMMARY
KEYWORDS
Mosaicity
Pleomorphism
Fourier Transforms
Synchrotrons
SHORT-ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
LONG-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Structure and Function of Biological Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Lipids and Biomembranes
Nagendra Nath Yadav1,*, Saroj Yadav2 and Archana Pareek1
CARBOHYDRATES
Synthesis of Carbohydrates
Function of Carbohydrates
Classification
Based on their Behavior Upon Hydrolysis
Based on their Taste
Based on their Reaction (Oxidation)
CLASSIFICATION OF MONOSACCHARIDES
STRUCTURE OF MONOSACCHARIDES
D & L CONFIGURATION (RELATIVE CONFIGURATION)
ENANTIOMER
Optical activity of sugars: (d+) or (l-) form
Racemic mixture: (±) or (d, l) form
ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION (R, S - FORM)
FISCHER PROJECTION FORMULA OF CARBOHYDRATES
D-glyceraldehyde or R-(+)-Glyceraldehyde (CHOCHOHCH2OH)
D-Glucose and D-Fructose
CYCLIC STRUCTURE OF MONOSACCHARIDES
PYRANOSE AND FURANOSE STRUCTURE
Structure of D-Fructose
HAWORTH PROJECTION FORMULA
ANOMERS AND MUTAROTATION
Structure of few monosaccharides
GLUCOSE (Dextrose or Grape Sugar or Blood Sugar)
Chemical Properties of Glucose (Tautomerization):
Formation of Glycosides
Oxidation Reaction
DISACCHARIDES (SUCROSE, MALTOSE AND LACTOSE)
Sucrose (table sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar):
Biological Importance
Inversion of Cane Sugar
Structure of Sucrose
Maltose (malt sugar):
Biological Importance
Structure
Lactose
Occurrence
Biological Importance
POLYSACCHARIDES (Starch, glycogen, and cellulose)
Starch (Homopolysaccharides from D-Glucose)
Occurrence
Biological Importance
Structure
Amylose
Amylopectin
Glycogen
Structure
Cellulose
Structure
AMINO ACIDS
Optical Isomerism in Amino Acid
Classification of Amino Acids
Non-polar Amino Acids having Hydrophobic R-groups
Polar Amino Acids with no Change on R-group
Polar Amino Acids with a Positive Charge on R-group
Polar Amino Acids with Negative R-group
Classification of Amino Acids Based on Nutritional Requirement
Chemical Properties
Reaction Due to -COOH Group
Reaction due to -NH2 group
PROTEINS
Structure of proteins
Primary structure
ß-pleated Sheet
Tertiary Structure of Protein
Quaternary Structure of Protein
Properties of Proteins
Colour Reactions
Xanthoprotic Test
Biuret Test
Millon's Reaction
Ninhydrin Reaction
Classification of Protein
Based on Biological Function
Simple Proteins
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Primary Structure
Bonding and Nomenclature of Nucleotides and Nucleosides
Nucleoside di- and tri-phosphate
Structure of polynucleotide (nucleic acid)
Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure
Structure of RNA
LIPIDS
Classification of Lipids
Derived Lipids
Nomenclature of Fatty Acids
Abbreviation of Nomenclature of Fatty Acids
Triacylglycerols (Triglycerides)
Structure of Acylglycerols
Properties of Triacylglycerols
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Brassinosteroids
Terpenes
Carotenoids
Chlorophyll
BIO-MEMBRANES
Composition
Functions
KEYWORDS
Eukaryotic Cells
Thylakoid Membrane
Integral Protein
Peripheral Protein
Endocytosis
SHORT-ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
LONG-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Structure and Biological Function of Vitamins
Nagendra Nath Yadav1, Archana Pareek1,* and Sonam Tashi Khom1
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
CLASSIFICATION
VITAMIN A
Sources of Vitamin A
Deficiencies of Vitamin A
Health Benefits of Vitamin A
Side Effects due to Excess of Vitamin A
VITAMIN D
Sources of Vitamin D
Deficiencies of Vitamin D
Health Benefits of Vitamin D
Side Effects due to Excess of Vitamin D
VITAMIN E
SOURCES OF VITAMIN E
Deficiencies of Vitamin E
Health Benefits of Vitamin E
Side Effects due to Excess of Vitamin E
VITAMIN K
Sources of Vitamin K
Deficiencies of Vitamin K
Health Benefits of Vitamin K
Side Effects due to Excess of Vitamin K
VITAMIN C
Sources of Vitamin C
Deficiencies of Vitamin C
Health Benefits of Vitamin C
Side Effects due to Excess of Vitamin C
VITAMIN B-COMPLEX
VITAMIN B1
Sources of Vitamin B1
Deficiencies of Vitamin B1
Health Benefits of Vitamin B1
Side Effects Due to Excess Vitamin B1
VITAMIN B2
Sources of Vitamin B2
Deficiencies of Vitamin B2
Health Benefits of Vitamin B2
Side Effects due to Excess of Vitamin B2
VITAMIN B3
Sources of Vitamin B3
Deficiencies of Vitamin B3
Health Benefits of Vitamin B3
Side Effects Due to Excess of Vitamin B3
VITAMIN B5
Sources of Vitamin B5
Deficiencies of Vitamin B5
Health Benefits of Vitamin B5
Side Effects Due to Excess of Vitamin B5
VITAMIN B6
Sources of Vitamin B6
Deficiencies of Vitamin B6
Health Benefits of Vitamin B6
Side Effects Due to Excess Vitamin B6
VITAMIN B7
Sources of Vitamin B7
Deficiencies of Vitamin B7
Health Benefits of Vitamin B7
Side Effects Due to Excess Vitamin B7
VITAMIN B9
Sources of Vitamin B9
Deficiencies of Vitamin B9
Health Benefits of Vitamin B9
Side Effects Due to Excess Vitamin B9
VITAMIN B12
Sources of Vitamin B12
Deficiency of Vitamin B12
Health Benefits of Vitamin B12
Side Effects Due to Excess Vitamin B12
KEYWORDS
Prosthetic Group
Collagen
Polyneuritis
Multiple Sclerosis
Ataxia
Skeletal Myopathy
Retinopathy
Bulimia
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Leigh's Disease
Maple Serum Urine Disease
Keratoconus
Glaucoma
Hartnup Disease
Megaloblastic Anemia
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
SHORT-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
LONG-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Enzymes (Biocatalyst)
Nagendra Nath Yadav1,*, Archana Pareek1 and Kamlesh Singh Yadav2
INTRODUCTION
ENZYME STRUCTURE
NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION
Recommended Name
Systematic Name
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
Concentration of Enzyme
Substrate Concentration
Effect of Temperature
Temperature of Coefficient (Q10)
Effect of pH
Effect of the Concentration of Product
ENZYME KINETICS
Mechanism of Enzyme Action
Enzyme-substrate Complex Formation
Fisher's Lock and Key Model or Fisher's Template Theory
Koshland's Induced Fit Model
ENZYME INHIBITION
Reversible Inhibition
Competitive Inhibition
Non-competitive Inhibition
Irreversible Inhibition
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL NATURE OF ENZYME
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYMES
COENZYMES
BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF COENZYME
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Thymine Pyrophosphate (TPP)
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + )
Biocytin
CONTROL ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES
Regulation
Post-translational Modification (PTM)
Quantity
Subcellular Distribution
Organ Specialization
KEYWORDS
Catalyst
Dialysis
Denaturation
Biological Catalyst
SHORT-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
LONG-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Hormones
Nagendra Nath Yadav1,* and Archana Pareek1
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES
According to the Chemical Nature
On the Basis of the Mechanism of Action
According to the Nature of the Action
According to the Effect
On the Basis of Stimulation of Endocrine Glands
Adrenocorticotropic Hormones (ACTH)
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Growth Hormones (GH)
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Aldosterone
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
REGULATION OF HORMONES
HORMONES IN PLANTS
Type of Plant Hormones
Auxins
Cytokinins
Gibberellins
Ethylene
Abscisic Acid
HORMONES IN INSECTS
Brain Hormones
Molting Hormones
Juvenile Hormones
KEYWORDS
T-cells
Glucogenesis
Glycoprotein
Addison's Disease
Osteoporosis
Tonicity
Rosette Plant
SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS
LONG-ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Fundamentals of Thermodynamics: Principle Applicable To Biological Processes
Nene Takio1,*, Pratibha Yadav2 and Anindita Hazarika1
INTRODUCTION
What is the Basic Concept of Thermodynamics?
STATE VARIABLES
ENERGY TRANSFER INTO HEAT & WORK
THE FIRST LAW: LAW OF CONSERVATION OF TOTAL ENERGY
ENTHALPY IS A USEFUL FEATURE FOR BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
THE SECOND LAW: SYSTEM TENDS TOWARD DISORDER AND RANDOMNESS
Attributes of the Entropy Function
THE THIRD LAW: ENTROPY CHANGE AT ABSOLUTE ZERO
GIBBS FREE ENERGY
THE STANDARD STATE FREE ENERGY CHANGE
EXAMPLE:
THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS AFFECTING BIOCHEMICAL EVENTS
EFFECT OF PH ON STANDARD FREE ENERGIES CHANGE
REACTION OF CONCENTRATION AND FREE ENERGY CHANGE
COUPLED PROCESS
ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE)
THERMODYNAMIC HYDROLYSIS OF ATP
Structure of ATP
FACTORS AFFECTING HYDROLYSIS OF FREE ENERGY OF ATP
HYDROLYSIS OF ATP AND EQUILIBRIA OF COUPLED REACTIONS
DAILY HUMAN REQUIREMENT FOR ATP
SUMMARY
KEYWORDS
Pyruvate
Denaturation
Calorimeter
Glycolysis
Phototrophs
SHORT-ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Bioenergetics, Metabolism of Biomolecules, Photosynthesis and Respiration, Transcription and Translation, Recombinant DNA Technology
Saroj Yadav1,*, Kamlesh Singh Yadav2 and Pratibha Yadav3
INTRODUCTION
BIOENERGETICS
Theory of Bioenergetics
Laws of Thermodynamics in Bioenergetics
Equilibrium Constant and Free Energy
Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions
Exergonic Reactions
Endergonic Reactions
Activation Energy
Coupled Reaction in Bioenergetics
METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES
Glycolysis
Classification of Glycolysis
Glycolysis Pathway in Steps
Glucose Activation Phase
Step-1
Step-2
Step-3
Step-4
Step-5
Payoff Phase
Step-6
Step-7
Step-8
Step-9
Anaerobic Condition
Significance of the Glycolysis Pathway
LIPIDS METABOLISM
Biosynthesis of Lipid
Degradation of Lipid
METABOLISMS OF PROTEINS
Protein Synthesis
Chemical Synthesis of Protein
Protein Degradation
METABOLISM OF NUCLEIC ACID
Synthesis of Nucleic Acids
Decomposition of Nucleic Acid (DNA and RNA)
Catabolism of Pyrimidine
Purine Catabolism
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION
Similarities between Photosynthesis and Respiration
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
Electron Transport and Synthesis of ATP
DNA REPLICATION
TRANSCRIPTION
Formation of pre-mRNA
TRANSLATION
Transfer RNA
Protein Synthesis
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Instruments for Recombinant DNA Innovation:
Recombinant DNA Technology Steps
Application of Recombinant DNA Technology
SUMMARY
KEYWORDS
Glycolysis
The Cycle of Citric Acid
Ketosis
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Photosynthesis
Catabolism
Photorespiration
Recombinant DNA
LONG QUESTIONS
SHORT-QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Subject Index
Back Cover

Systemvoraussetzungen

Als PDF speichern Als Link merken