Neurobiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid 2

1: Cerebrospinal Fluid as Reflection of Internal Milieu of Brain.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Anatomy of CSF System.- 3. Composition of CSF.- 4. Sites of CSF Formation.- 5. Formation of CSF.- 6. Circulation of CSF.- 7. Absorption of CSF.- 8. Functions of CSF.- References.- 2: Regulation of Acid-Base Equilibrium of Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Acid-Base Equilibrium of CSF.- 3. Factors That Control CSF Pco2.- 4. Factors That Affect CSF Bicarbonate Concentration.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 3: Physiology and Pharmacology of Peptide, Steroid, and Other Hormones in Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction to Central Hormonal Integration.- 2. Neuroendocrine Function of CSF.- 3. Endogenous and Exogenous Hormones and Neuropeptides in CSF.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 4: Substance P in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Characteristics of Substance-P-like Immunoreactivity in Human Lumbar CSF.- 4. Origin of Substance-P-like Immunoreactivity in Lumbar CSF.- 5. Lumbar CSF Substance-P-like Immunoreactivity in Neurological Disorders.- 6. Drug Effects on CSF Concentration of Substance-P-like Immunoreactivity.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 5: Choroid-Plexus Transport of Enkephalins and Other Neuropeptides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Methionine-Enkephalin Uptake.- 4. D-Alanine-5-L-Methionine Enkephalinamide Uptake.- 5. Prolactin and Luteinizing-Hormone-Releasing-Hormone Uptake.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 6: Fraction I Endorphin in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Clinical Studies.- 1. Biochemical Characteristics of Assay System.- 2. Possible Relevance in Chronic Pain States and Depressive Disorders.- 3. Possible Relevance in Schizophrenia.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 7: Analgesia Induced by Brain Stimulation in Man: Its Effect on Release of ?-Endorphin and Adrenocorticotropin into Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Analgesia by Stimulation of Periaqueductal Gray.- 2. Analgesia by Intraventricular Administration of ?-Endorphin.- 3. Periaqueductal-Gray-Stimulation-Induced Elevation of ?-Endorphin and ACTH in Ventricular CSF.- 4. L-Tryptophan Therapy.- 5. Mechanisms of ?-Endorphin Release.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 8: Cerebrospinal Fluid as Neuroregulatory Pathway: Peptides in Neuropsychiatric Illness.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Anatomy and Physiology of CSF Pathway: An Active Behavioral Regulatory Link?.- 3. Peptide Synthesis and Catabolism: Markers in CSF.- 4. Peptides in CSF in Relation to Neuropsychiatric Illness.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 9: Neurochemistry of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Normal Individuals: Relationship between Biological and Psychological Variables.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Normal Values.- 4. Sources of Variance.- 5. Correlations among Biological Measures.- 6. Investigation in Normal Individuals of Hypothesized Neurotransmitter-Behavioral Correlations.- 7. Comments.- References.- 10: Neurochemical Analysis of Rat Cisternal Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Neurochemical Methods.- 3. Neuropharmacological Studies.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 11: Cerebrospinal Fluid Monoamine Metabolites in Korsakoff's Disease: Relationship to Memory Impairment and Drug Response.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Monoamine Metabolites in Korsakoff's Disease.- 3. Drug Response in Korsakoff's Disease.- 4. Summary.- References.- 12: Endogenous Hallucinogens in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Measurement and Meaning.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Comments on Dimethyltryptamine and O-Methylbufotenin Analysis by Selected Ion Monitoring.- 3. Methods.- 4. Clinical Studies and Discussion.-5. Summary.- References.- 13: Dopamine-?-Hydroxylase in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Putative Indicator of Central Noradrenergic Activity.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Pharmacological Studies.- 3. Clinical Studies.- 4. Suggestions for Future Research.- References.- 14: Cerebrospinal Fluid Acetylcholinesterase in Neuropsychiatric Disorders.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Psychiatric Syndromes.- 3. Neurological Syndromes.- 4. Summary.- References.- 15: Cerebrospinal Fluid Enzymes in Neurological Disease.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Enzymes in Health and Disease.- 3. Enzymes in CSF during Development.- 4. Clinical Value of Determination of Enzyme Activities in CSF.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 16: Passage of Proteins from Blood to Cerebrospinal Fluid: Model for Transfer by Pores and Vesicles.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Dynamics.- 3. CSF Protein.- 4. Blood-Brain Barrier Morphology and Protein Penetration.- 5. Mechanisms for Protein Entry into CSF.- 6. Summary.- References.- 17: Nonimmunological Glycoproteins in Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Glycoproteins, Glycosaminoglycans, and Gangliosides in CSF.- 3. Glycosidases and Glycosyltransferases in CSF.- 4. Origin of Glycoproteins in CSF..- 5. CSF Glycoproteins in Relation to Neural Function.- 6. Determination of Glycoprotein-Carbohydrate in CSF.- 7. Glycoprotein-Carbohydrate in Neurological Diseases.- 8. Glycoprotein-Carbohydrate in Schizophrenia and Depression.- 9. Conclusions.- References.- 18: Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Research Strategies for Analysis of Immunocompetent Cells in CSF: Joint Space in Rheumatoid Arthritis as Model of Immunological Responses in Closed Compartment.- 3. Immunocompetent Cells in Central Nervous System and CSF: Correlation betweenParenchymal and CSF Cellular Infiltrates in Experimental Models.- 4. Immunocompetent Cells in Central Nervous System and CSF: Correlation between Parenchymal and CSF Cellular Infiltrates in Humans.- 5. Immunocompetent Cells in Human CSF.- 6. Soluble Products of Immunocompetent Cells in Human CSF.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 19: Central Nervous System Immunoglobulin Synthesis in Neurological Disease: Quantitation, Specificity, and Regulation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Evidence, Detection, and Quantitation of Immunoglobulin Synthesis within Central Nervous System.- 3. Cytological Substrate for intra-BBB Immunoglobulin Synthesis- Plasma Cells.- 4. In Vitro Synthesis of Immunoglobulin by CSF Cells.- 5. Lymphatic Channels in Central Nervous System.- 6. Cellular Immune Regulation and Immunoglobulin Synthesis in Demyelinating Diseases.- 7. Modulation of Immunoglobulin Synthesis.- 8. Hypothesis.- 9. Conclusion.- References.- 20: Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins in Infectious Neurological Diseases and Guillain-Barré Syndrome.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Infectious Neurological Diseases and Guillain-Barré Syndrome.- 3. CSF Immunoglobulin Abnormalities of Restricted Heterogeneity in Other Neurological Diseases.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 21: Pathogenesis of Bacterial Meningitis: Relationship to Opsonic Activity in Normal Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Meningitis.- 3. Opsonization and Phagocytosis.- 4. Normal CSF.- 5. Opsonic Activity of CSF.- 6. Summary.- References.- 22: Depressed Cell-Mediated Immunity in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Malignant Glioma.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Summary.- References.- 23: Malignant Cells in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Their Clinical Significance.- 1.Introduction.- 2. Techniques in CSF Cytology.- 3. Normal and Abnormal Cells in CSF.- 4. Meningeal Metastasis: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment.- 5. Review of Literature.- 6. False-Positive CSF Cytology.- 7. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- Suggested Reading.- 24: Computed Tomography of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dissemination of Malignant Neoplasms.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Protocol.- 3. Pathology.- 4. Computed Tomographic Manifestations of Meningeal Neoplasms.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 25: Clinical Correlations of Cerebrospinal Fluid Polyamine Levels.- 1. Introduction.- 2. CSF Polyamines in Central Nervous System Tumors.- 3. Clinical Utility of CSF Polyamine Determinations.- 4. CSF Polyamines in Pituitary Disease.- 5. CSF Polyamines in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 6. Other Factors That May Influence CSF Polyamine Levels.- 7. Future Directions.- References.- 26: Enhancement of Delivery of Antineoplastic Drugs into Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Factors Involved in Drug Delivery into CSF.- 3. Enhancement of CSF Drug Delivery Using Alternative Anatomical Approaches.- 4. Enhancement of CSF Drug Delivery by Administration of High-Dose Systemic Chemotherapy.- 5. Enhancement of CSF Drug Delivery by Alteration of CSF Drug- Disappearance Kinetics.- 6. Enhancement of CSF Drug Delivery by Alteration of Blood-Brain Barrier.- 7. Enhancement of CSF Drug Delivery by Modifying Drug Structure.- 8. Summary.- References.- 27: Cerebrospinal Fluid Markers of Central Nervous System Radiation and Chemotherapy Damage.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Central Nervous System Radiation Toxicity.- 3. Central Nervous System Chemotherapy Toxicity.- 4. CSF Markers of Central Nervous System Damage.- 5. Studies of Myelin Basic Protein.- 6. Summary.- References.- 28: Cerebrospinal Fluid Alterations in Spinal-Cord Injury.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Studies: Human Spinal-Cord Injury.- 3. Laboratory Studies: Experimental Spinal-Cord Injury.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 29: Perinatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage Jonathan Hellman and Robert C. Vannucci.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pathogenesis of Intraventricular Hemorrhage.- 3. Neuropathology.- 4. Radiographic Abnormalities.- 5. Clinical Manifestations.- 6. Alterations in CSF.- 7. Pathogenesis of Hypoglycorrhachia.- 8. Summary.- References.- 30: Evaluation of Subarachnoid and Intraventricular Hemorrhage by Computed Tomography.- 1. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 2. Intraventricular Hemorrhage.- 3. Summary.- References.- 31: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Secondary to Central Nervous System Neoplasia.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Diagnosis and Etiology of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 3. Hemorrhage from Cerebral Tumors.- 4. Pathogenesis of Tumoral Hemorrhage.- 5. Summary.- References.- 32: Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytology after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cell-Collecting Device and CSF-Cell-Smearing Method.- 3. Preparation of CSF Cells for Electron Microscopy.- 4. Appearance of Normal CSF Cells.- 5. CSF after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 6. Discussion.- 7. Summary.- References.- 33: Xanthochromic Compounds in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Quantitative Spectrophotometry and Electromigration.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Technique of Quantitative CSF Spectrophotometry.- 3. Diagnostic Significance.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 34: Pharmacological Vasoconstrictor Activity of Cerebrospinal Fluid: Relationship to Arterial Caliber and Clinical Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Aneurysm Surgery.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cerebral Arterial Spasm and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.- 3. Preliminary Analysis of CSF.- 4. Longitudinal CSF Analysis with Clinicoradiological Correlations.- 5. Summary.- References.- 35: Prostaglandins in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Possible Role in Cerebrovascular and Neurological Disease.- 1. Brief Review of Biosynthesis and Clinical Importance of Prostaglandins.- 2. Possible Role of Prostaglandins in Cerebrovascular and Neurological Disease.- 3. Production and Efflux of Prostaglandins from Brain.- 4. Biological Problems of Detection.- 5. Techniques for Quantitation of Prostaglandins in CSF.- 6. Prostaglandin Levels in Human CSF.- 7. Implications for Therapy.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 36: Metabolic Fate of Adenosine in Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Metabolism of Adenosine, Inosine, and Hypoxanthine in CSF.- 3. Determination of Loss of U-[14C]Purines from CSF into Blood.- 4. Mechanism of Incorporation of Adenosine and Inosine from CSF into Brain Nucleotides.- 5. Relative Incorporation of Adenosine, Inosine, and Hypoxanthine from CSF into Brain Nucleotides.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 37: Cerebrospinal Fluid Alterations in Pregnancy and Eclampsia.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension.- 3. CSF Characteristics.- 4. Summary.- References.- 38: Pharmacology of Anticonvulsant Drugs in Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods for Studying CSF Entry and Exit of Anticonvulsants.- 3. Distribution of Anticonvulsant Drugs between CSF and Plasma.- 4. Anticonvulsant Drug Distribution in CSF in Convulsive States.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 39: Body Position and Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure.- 1. Basic Concepts.- 2. Mechanical Effects of Postural Changes.- 3. Regulatory Effects of Postural Changes.- 4. Clinical Implications.- References.- 40: Cerebrospinal Fluid Pulse Pressure as Parameter of Intracranial Elastance.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Analytical Method.- 3. Clinical Observations.- 4. Experimental Studies.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. Definitions of Abbreviations and Mathematical Symbols.- References.- 41: Autonomic Nervous Control of Cerebrospinal Fluid Production and Intracranial Pressure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nerve Fibers in Choroid Plexus.- 3. Sympathetic Influence on Choroid-Plexus Function.- 4. Cholinergic Influence on CSF Formation.- 5. Sympathetic Denervation and Intracranial Pressure.- 6. Summary.- References.- 42: Adrenergic-Receptor Mechanisms in Mammalian Choroid Plexus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Background to Role of Cyclic AMP in Mediating Hormone- Receptor Function.- 3. Studies with Broken-Cell Preparations of Whole Choroid Plexus.- 4. Localization of Choroid-Plexus ?-Adrenergic Receptors.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 43: Alteration in Choroid-Plexus Blood Flow and Cerebrospinal-Fluid Formation by Increased Ventricular Pressure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Choroid-Plexus Blood Flow.- 3. Alteration of Choroid-Plexus Blood Flow and Secretion.- 4. Summary.- References.- 44: Intracranial Hypertension in Experimental Animals and Man: Quantitative Approach to System Dynamics of Circulatory Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Formulation of CSF System Model.- 3. Model Application: Simulated Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Dog.- 4. Model Application: Confirmation of Pressure-Sensitive Formation Model in Rat.- 5. Model Application: Pseudotumor Cerebri in Man.- 6. Summary.- References.- 45: Mechanisms of Cerebrospinal Fluid Absorption in Normal and Pathologically Altered Arachnoid Villi.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Arachnoid Villi: Structural Considerations.- 3. Arachnoid Villi: Functional Aspects of Villus Structure.- 4. Arachnoid Villi: Pathological Alterations.- 5. Summary.- References.- 46: Bacterial Meningitis: Selected Aspectsof Cerebrospinal Fluid Pathophysiology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Complications and Neurological Sequelae of Bacterial Meningitis.- 3. Proliferation and Clearance of CSF Bacteria in Experimental Meningitis.- 4. CSF Outflow Resistance in Experimental Bacterial Meningitis.- References.- 47: Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulatory Dynamics in Pseudotumor Cerebri and Response to Steroid Therapy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Features.- 3. Pathogenesis.- 4. Intracranial-Pressure Monitoring and Manometric Flow Studies.- 5. Prognosis and Therapy.- 6. Summary.- References.- 48: Differential Effects of Pentobarbital, Ketamine Hydrochloride, Enflurane, and Halothane on Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cardiovascular Function, Cerebrovascular Reactivity, and Cerebral Metabolism.- 3. Anesthetic Agents and CSF Formation.- 4. Effects of Anesthetic Agents on CSF Absorption.- 5. Summary.- References.- 49: Effect of Mannitol-Induced Hyperosmolarity on Transport between Brain Interstitial Fluid and Cerebrospinal Fluid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Brain Interstitial Fluid.- 3. Hyperosmolar Solutions.- 4. Summary.- References.- 50: Clearance of Edema Fluid into Cerebrospinal Fluid: Mechanism for Resolution of Vasogenic Brain Edema.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Movement of Edema Fluid through Brain Tissue.- 3. Resolution of Vasogenic Brain Edema by Movement into Ventricular CSF.- 4. Quantitative Measurement of Amount of Edema Clearance into Ventricular CSF.- 5. Summary.- References.- 51: Ependymal Alterations in Hydrocephalus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Ependymal Topography.- 3. Regional Ependymal Changes in Hydrocephalus.- 4. Functional Correlates.- References.- 52: Reconstitution of Cerebral Cortical Mantle following Hydrocephalus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Ultrastructure.- 3. Cell Size, Number, and Myelin Content.- 4. Reversibility of Ultrastructural Change by Shunting.- 5. Clinical Implications.- References.- 53: Neuroophthalmological Signs of Hydrocephalus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Pathology.- 3. Ocular Pathology.- 4. "Normal-Pressure" Hydrocephalus.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 54: Visual Evoked Potentials in Evaluation and Management of Patients with Hydrocephalus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods of Study.- 3. Hydrocephalus and Visual Evoked Potentials.- 4. Discussion.- References.- 55: Hydranencephaly and Maximal Hydrocephalus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinical Material.- 3. Surgical Therapy.- 4. Postoperative Neurological Evaluations.- 5. Postoperative Radiological Evaluations.- 6. Visual Evoked Responses.- 7. Summary.- References.- 56: Treatment of Infantile Hydrocephalus with Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Surgical Treatment and Outcome.- 3. Nonsurgical Treatment.- 4. Pilot Study of Acetazolamide and Furosemide.- 5. Summary.- References.- 57: Alterations in Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics in Syringomyelia, Hydromyelia, and Myelomeningocele.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Experimental Studies of Syringomyelia.- 3. Clinical Studies of Hydromyelia, Syringomyelia, and Myelodysplasia.- 4. Summary.- References.- 58: Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistulae: Biomechanical, Etiological, and Therapeutic Considerations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pathophysiology.- 3. Incidence.- 4. Natural History.- 5. Diagnosis.- 6. Therapy.- 7. Summary.- References.