Essentials of Sports Law

Name: Essentials of Sports Law
Brand: Praeger Publishers Inc
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Glenn M. Wong(Autor*in)

Praeger Publishers Inc

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Erschienen am 18. August 2010

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Intro
Essentials of Sports Law
CONTENTS
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Fourth Edition
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1. The Sports Industry
1.2. Professional Sports Leagues
1.2.1. A Brief Economic Overview
1.2.2. Impact of Broadcast Contracts
1.2.3. Attendance
1.2.4. Luxury Suites
1.2.5. Personal Seat Licenses
1.2.6. Sponsorships, Licensing, and Merchandising
1.2.7. Commissioners
1.2.8. Single-Entity Leagues
1.3. Intercollegiate Athletics
1.3.1. Organizational Structure
1.3.2. Economic Overview
1.3.2.1. Revenues
1.3.2.2. Expenses
1.3.3. The Institutions
1.3.4. Institution Case Study: University of Michigan Athletic Department
1.3.5. Knight Foundation Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics
1.4. The Olympics
1.4.1. Organizational Structure
1.4.2. International Federations and National Governing Bodies
1.4.3. Economic Overview of Olympic Bodies
1.4.4. International Olympic Committee Responses to Prevailing Legal Issues
1.5. Interscholastic Athletics
1.6. Individual Sport Issues
1.7. Facilities, Agency Firms, and Media
CHAPTER 2 The Court and Legal System in the United States
2.1. The Federal Court System
2.1.1. U.S. Supreme Court
2.1.2. U.S. Courts of Appeals
2.1.3. U.S. District Courts
2.1.4. Administrative Agencies
2.2. The State Court System
2.3. Civil Legal Process
2.3.1. The Complaint
2.3.2. The Parties
2.3.3. Court Jurisdiction
2.3.4. The Summons
2.3.5. The Answer
2.3.6. Discovery
2.3.7. Pretrial Motions
2.3.8. The Type of Court
2.3.9. The Trial
2.3.10. The Judgment
2.3.11. The Appeals Process
2.4. Sources of Legal Information
2.4.1. Legal Reference Materials
2.4.1.1. Legal Dictionaries
2.4.1.2. Legal Research Guides
2.4.1.3. Annotated Law Reports
2.4.1.4. Legal Encyclopedias
2.4.1.5. Restatements of the Law
2.4.1.6. Treatises
2.4.1.7. Legal Indexes
2.4.1.8. Law Review Articles
2.4.1.9. Shepard's Citations
2.4.1.10. Legal Computer Services
2.4.1.11. Sports Law Newsletters
2.4.1.12. Sports Law Web Sites
2.4.2. Constitutions
2.4.3. Legislation
2.4.4. Federal Administrative Rules and Regulations
2.4.5. Case Law
2.4.5.1. U.S. Supreme Court
2.4.5.2. U.S. Courts of Appeals
2.4.5.3. U.S. District Courts
2.4.5.4. State Courts
CHAPTER 3 Legal Principles in Tort Law
3.1. The Tort of Negligence
3.1.1. Duty of Care Owed
3.1.1.1. Reasonable Person Standard
3.1.1.2. Standard of Care for Children
3.1.2. Breach of Duty Owed
3.1.2.1. Violation of a Statute, Negligence Per Se
3.1.2.2. Res Ipsa Loquitur
3.1.3. Actual and Proximate Causation
3.1.4. Damages
3.1.5. Defenses for Negligence
3.1.5.1. No Negligence
3.1.5.2. Contributory Negligence
3.1.5.3. Comparative Negligence
3.1.5.4. Assumption of Risk
3.1.5.5. Statute of Limitations
3.1.5.6. Immunity and Good Samaritan Statutes
3.1.6. Wrongful Death Statutes
3.2. The Tort of Reckless Misconduct (Gross Negligence)
3.3. Intentional Torts
3.3.1. The Tort of Assault
3.3.2. The Tort of Battery
3.3.3. Defenses for Assault and Battery
3.3.3.1. Consent
3.3.3.2. Privilege
3.3.4. Tortious Interference with Contractual Relations
3.3.5. The Tort of Intentional Infiiction of Emotional Distress
3.3.6. Damages for Intentional Torts
3.4. Harm to Economic and Dignitary Interests
3.4.1. Defamation Law
3.4.1.1. Libel
3.4.1.2. Slander
3.4.2. The Tort of Invasion of Privacy
3.5. Products Liability Law
3.5.1. Products Liability Based on Intent
3.5.2. Products Liability Based on Negligence
3.5.3. Products Liability Based on Strict Tort Liability
3.5.4. Products Liability Based on Implied and Express Warranties
3.6. Vicarious Liability
3.6.1. Exception: Independent Contractors
3.7. Workers' Compensation
CHAPTER 4 Application of Tort Law to Sports
4.1. Liability of Participants
4.2. Liability of Coaches and Teachers
4.2.1. Failure to Provide Adequate Supervision
4.2.2. Failure to Provide Proper Instruction and Training
4.2.3. Failure to Provide Prompt and Capable Medical Assistance
4.3. Liability of Administrators, Schools, and Athletic Organizations
4.3.1. Failure to Provide Supervision of Athletic Activities and to Hire Qualified Personnel
4.3.2. Failure to Provide Proper Medical Assistance
4.3.3. Failure to Provide Safe Equipment
4.3.4. Vicarious Liability for Actions of Fans and Players
4.4. The Defense of Immunity
4.4.1. Sovereign Immunity
4.4.2. Charitable Immunity
4.4.3. Civil Liability Immunity Legislation
4.5. Liability of Facility Owners and Possessors
4.6. Liability of Medical Personnel
4.7. Liability of Officials, Referees, and Umpires
4.8. Application of Legal Principles to Defects in Equipment
4.9. Liability Insurance
4.10. Waiver and Release of Liability
CHAPTER 5 Athletic Associations
5.1. Voluntary Athletic Associations
5.1.1. Introduction
5.1.2. The U.S. Olympic Committee
5.1.3. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
5.1.4. Other Athletic Associations
5.1.5. High School Athletic Associations
5.2. Legal Principles Pertaining to Amateur Athletic Associations
5.2.1. Introduction
5.2.2. Judicial Review
5.2.3. Standing
5.2.4. Injunctive Relief
5.3. Association Enforcement Authority
5.3.1. Introduction
5.3.2. NCAA Enforcement Procedure
5.3.2.1. Committee on Infractions
5.3.2.2. Infractions Appeals Committee
5.3.2.3. NCAA Infractions Process
5.3.3. The Knight Commission
5.3.4. Interscholastic Enforcement Procedures
5.3.5. Olympic Enforcement Procedures
5.3.6. Court of Arbitration for Sport
5.4. Public Responsibility of Athletic Associations
5.4.1. Disclosure
5.4.2. Funding of Public Facilities
5.4.3. The Buckley Amendment
CHAPTER 6 The Athlete and Constitutional Law
6.1. Athletic Associations and Constitutional Issues
6.1.1. State Action Requirement
6.1.2. Due Process
6.1.2.1. Procedural Due Process
6.1.2.2. Substantive Due Process
6.1.3. Equal Protection
6.2. Definitions of Eligibility
6.3. Eligibility Requirements: College and High School
6.3.1. Academic Eligibility Rules
6.3.1.1. Initial Eligibility: National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
6.3.1.2. Grade Point Average: High School
6.3.1.3. Academic Progress: NCAA
6.3.1.4. Academic Progress: High School
6.3.2. Participation Rules
6.3.2.1. Redshirting
6.3.2.2. Longevity
6.3.2.3. Transfer Rules
6.3.3. Amateurism Rules
6.3.3.1. NCAA Rules Regarding Scholarships, Financial Assistance, and Expenses
6.3.3.2. Employment: NCAA
6.3.3.3. Summer Camps and Independent Teams
6.3.3.4. Olympic Eligibility Requirements
6.4. Athlete's Challenge of Rules
6.4.1. Freedom of Expression
6.4.2. Discipline
6.4.3. Alcohol, Drug, and Conduct Rules: High School
CHAPTER 7 Drug Testing and Policies
7.1. Legal Principles in Drug Testing
7.1.1. Constitutional Law
7.1.2. Contract and Labor Law
7.2. Drug Policies and Legal Challenges
7.2.1. Interscholastic Athletics
7.2.1.1. Vernonia School District v. Acton
7.2.1.2. Performance-Enhancing Drug Policies
7.2.1.3. Considerations in Enacting Drug Testing Programs
7.2.2. Intercollegiate Athletics
7.2.2.1. NCAA Policy and Legal Challenges
7.2.2.2. College Conferences and Schools: Policies and Legal Challenges
7.2.3. Olympic and International Sports
7.2.4. Professional Sports
7.2.4.1. National Football League
7.2.4.2. National Basketball Association
7.2.4.3. Major League Baseball
7.2.4.4. National Hockey League
7.2.4.5. Professional Golf Association
7.2.4.6. Women's National Basketball Association
CHAPTER 8 Gender Discrimination in Athletics
8.1. Legal Theories in Gender Discrimination Cases
8.1.1. Title IX
8.1.1.1. Legislative History of Title IX
8.1.1.2. Office of Civil Rights (OCR) Policy Interpretation of Title IX
8.1.1.3. OCR Analysis and Method of Enforcement
8.1.2. The Equal Rights Amendment and State Equal Rights Amendments
8.1.3. Equal Protection Laws
8.2. Legal Challenges to Title IX
8.2.1. Legality and Scope of Title IX
8.2.2. Post-Civil Rights Restoration Act Litigation
8.3. Gender Discrimination Cases Involving Individual Athletes
8.3.1. Men's Team, No Women's Team
8.3.1.1. Contact Sports
8.3.1.2. Noncontact Sports
8.3.2. Women's Team, No Men's Team
8.3.3. Women's Teams and Men's Teams
8.3.3.1. Separate but Equal
8.3.3.2. Contact Sports
8.3.3.3. Noncontact Sports
8.3.4. Same Sport, Different Rules
8.3.4.1. Contact Sports
8.3.4.2. Noncontact Sports
8.3.5. Same Sport, Different Seasons
8.3.6. Varsity Sport versus Club Sport
CHAPTER 9 Contract Law
9.1. Principles of Contract Law
9.1.1. Formation of a Contract
9.1.1.1. Offer
9.1.1.2. Acceptance
9.1.1.3. Consideration
9.1.1.4. Legality
9.1.1.5. Capacity
9.1.1.6. Drafting a Contract
9.1.2. Mistakes in Contracts
9.1.3. Parol Evidence Rule
9.1.4. Conditions of a Contract
9.1.5. Statute of Frauds
9.1.6. Assignment and Delegation of a Contract
9.1.7. Breach of Contract
9.1.8. Remedies for a Breach of Contract
9.2. Types of Athletic Contracts
9.2.1. Standard Player Contract
9.2.1.1. Reserve or Option Clause
9.2.1.2. Unique Skill Provisions
9.2.1.3. Hierarchy of Contracts
9.2.1.4. Player Exclusivity
9.2.1.5. Assignability
9.2.1.6. Bonus Clauses
9.2.1.7. Health Regulations
9.2.1.8. Full Performance
9.2.1.9. Example of a Standard Player Contract: National Football League
9.2.2. Defenses to Standard Player Contract Breaches
9.2.3. Tortious Interference with Contractual Relations
9.2.4. Marketing, Endorsement, and Sponsorship Contracts
9.2.4.1. Impact of League Rules
9.2.4.2. Sponsorship Rights
9.2.4.3. Indemnification
9.2.4.4. Right to Terminate
9.2.4.5. Force Majeure and Work Stoppage
9.2.4.6. Sponsorship Litigation Cases
9.2.5. Coaches' Contracts: Professional and Collegiate Sports
9.2.6. Coaches' Contracts: High School
9.2.7. Physicians' Contracts
9.2.8. Officials' Contracts
9.2.9. Facility Contracts
CHAPTER 10 Antitrust Law
10.1. Overview of Antitrust Law
10.1.1. Sherman Act, Section 1: Restraint of Trade
10.1.2. Sherman Act, Section 2: Monopolization
10.1.3. Clayton Act
10.1.3.1. Treble Damages
10.1.3.2. Statutory Labor Exemption
10.2. Application of Antitrust Law to Professional Sports
10.2.1. Player Restraints and Antitrust Theory
10.2.1.1. Football
10.2.1.2. Hockey
10.2.1.3. Basketball
10.2.2. Ownership Restraints and Antitrust Theory
10.2.2.1. Existing Owners v. Existing Owners: Raiders v. NFL
10.2.2.2. Raiders v. NFL Revisited
10.2.2.3. Prospective Owners versus Existing Owners
10.2.2.3.1. Piazza v. MLB
10.2.2.3.2. Morsani v. MLB
10.2.2.3.3. MLB v. Crist
10.2.3. Interleague Antitrust Challenges
10.2.3.1. USFL v. NFL
10.2.3.2. NASL v. NFL
10.2.4. Antitrust Litigation in Professional Tennis and Golf
10.2.4.1. Age Restrictions
10.2.4.2. Equipment Rules
10.2.4.3. Blacklisting: Blalock v. LPGA
10.2.4.4. Hosting Tournaments and Confiicts of Interest
10.3. Defenses to Antitrust Challenges
10.3.1. The Baseball Exemption
10.3.1.1. History of the Reserve System
10.3.1.2. Creation of the Baseball Exemption: Federal Baseball
10.3.1.3. Baseball Exemption Reaffirmed: Toolson
10.3.1.4. Baseball Anomaly Upheld: Flood
10.3.1.5. The Curt Flood Act
10.3.2. The Nonstatutory Labor Exemption
10.3.3. Early Uses of the Nonstatutory Labor Exemption: Philadelphia , Mackey , and McCourt
10.3.4. Exemption after Expiration of Collective Bargaining Agreement: Bridgeman and Powell
10.3.5. Exemption after Decertification: McNeil
10.3.6. Nonstatutory Labor Exemption after White : Brown
10.3.7. The Nonstatutory Labor Exemption in Clarett
10.3.8. Single-Entity Defense by the Big Four
10.3.9. Single-Entity Leagues: Fraser v. MLS
10.4. Antitrust Law and International Soccer: Bosman
10.5. Antitrust Law and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
10.5.1. Decisions before Board of Regents (1984)
10.5.2. The NCAA's Reduced Power over Television: NCAA v. Board of Regents
10.5.3. Coaches' Salaries: Law v. NCAA
10.5.4. Tournaments: MIBA v. NCAA
10.5.5. The Bowl Championship Series
10.5.6. Other Decisions after Board of Regents
CHAPTER 11 Labor Law
11.1. Development of Labor Law
11.1.1. History of Labor Law
11.1.2. National Labor Relations Act (as Amended in 1947)
11.1.3. National Labor Relations Act, Section 7
11.1.4. National Labor Relations Act, Section 8
11.1.5. Unfair Labor Practice Procedures
11.1.5.1. Interference with Organizing or Bargaining Collectively
11.1.5.2. Domination and Assistance
11.1.5.3. Discrimination
11.1.5.4. Retaliation
11.1.5.5. Duty to Bargain in Good Faith
11.1.5.6. Protection from Unions
11.1.6. National Labor Relations Board
11.1.7. Certification of a Union
11.2. Collective Bargaining
11.2.1. The Collective Bargaining Process
11.2.2. Mandatory and Permissive Subjects of Bargaining
11.2.3. Ratification
11.2.4. Decertification
11.3. Collective Bargaining in Professional Sports
11.3.1. The Players Associations in Professional Sports
11.3.2. National Hockey League Players Association
11.3.3. National Football League Players Association
11.3.4. National Basketball Players Association
11.3.5. Major League Baseball Players Association
11.3.6. Other Players Associations in North America
11.3.6.1. Women's National Basketball Association
11.3.6.2. Major League Soccer
11.3.6.3. Arena Football League
11.3.6.4. Canadian Football League Players Association
11.3.6.5. Potential Unionization of Minor League Baseball and College Athletics
11.3.7. Collective Bargaining Agreements in Professional Sports
11.3.7.1. Labor Disputes in Professional Sports
11.3.7.1.1. Strikes
11.3.7.1.2. Lockouts
11.3.7.1.3. Impasse
11.3.7.1.4. Baseball Collusion Cases
11.3.8. Outline of a Professional Sports Collective Bargaining Agreement
11.3.9. Free Agency
11.3.10. Salary Caps
11.3.11. Calculation of Salary Cap
11.3.12. Hard Cap versus Soft Cap
11.3.13. Arbitration
11.3.14. Grievance Procedures in Professional Sports
11.3.14.1. Unlawful Discharge
11.3.15. Salary Arbitration
CHAPTER 12 Agency Law
12.1. Agency Law
12.2. Player Agents
12.2.1. Functions of the Player Agent
12.2.1.1. Negotiating
12.2.1.2. Counseling
12.2.1.3. Managing
12.2.1.4. Marketing
12.2.1.5. Resolving Disputes
12.2.1.6. Planning
12.3. Players Associations and Agents
12.3.1. Salary Information
12.3.2. Union-Agent Relationships
12.3.3. Agent-Athlete Agreements
12.3.4. Agent-Athlete Dispute Resolution
12.3.5. Agent-Agent Grievance Arbitration
12.4. Agent-Agent Litigation
12.5. Government Regulation
12.5.1. Uniform Athlete Agent Act
12.5.2. Sports Agent Responsibility and Trust Act
12.5.3. State Regulations
12.5.4. Ethical Constraints
12.5.5. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Regulations
12.6. Team Sports Player Drafts
12.6.1. National Football League Draft
12.6.1.1. Draft Eligibility
12.6.1.2. Draft Retention Rights
12.6.1.3. Impact on NCAA Eligibility
12.6.2. Major League Baseball Draft
12.6.3. National Basketball Association Draft
12.6.4. National Hockey League Draft
12.6.5. Single-Entity League Drafts
12.6.5.1. Major League Soccer
12.6.5.2 Women's National Basketball Association
12.7. Standard Player Contract
12.8. Endorsement Contracts and Financial Planning
12.9. Individual Performer Sports
12.10. Foreign Leagues
CHAPTER 13 Intellectual Property Law
13.1. Trademark Law
13.1.1. The Lanham Act of 1946
13.1.2. Service Marks and Collective Marks
13.1.3. Identification Function of a Trademark
13.1.4. Secondary Meaning
13.1.5. Trademark Infringement
13.1.6. Ambush Marketing
13.1.7. Licensing Programs for Intercollegiate Athletics
13.1.7.1. Litigation Involving Intercollegiate Licensing Programs
13.1.7.2. Trademark Law and Nicknames
13.1.8. Trademark Law and the Olympics
13.2. Copyright Law
13.2.1. Copyright Law and the Internet
13.3. Patent Law
13.4. The Right of Publicity
CHAPTER 14 Broadcasting and Multimedia
14.1. Legal Foundation: Establishing the Property Right, History, and Laws
14.1.1. Case Law
14.1.2. Copyright Laws
14.1.3. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Regulations
14.1.4. Other Legislation
14.2. Broadcast Contracts
14.2.1. Rights Granted
14.2.2. Broadcast Rights of a Professional League
14.2.2.1. Broadcast Rights of a Professional Team
14.2.3. Broadcast Rights of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
14.2.3.1. Broadcast Rights of the NCAA Championships
14.2.3.2. Broadcast Rights of the Bowl Championship Series
14.2.4. Broadcast Rights for Conferences and Schools
14.2.4.1. Antitrust Issues in Broadcasting for Colleges
14.2.5. Broadcast Rights of Individual Sports
14.2.6. Broadcast Rights for the Olympics
14.2.7. Broadcast Rights of Individual Players
14.3. Other Important Issues in Sports Broadcasting
14.3.1. Restrictions on Sports Broadcasting
14.3.1.1. Restrictions on the Use of Advertising
14.3.1.2. Restrictions on the Use of Replays
14.4. Internet Rights for Sports Broadcasts
14.4.1. Home Recording of Copyrighted Events
14.4.2. Domestic and International Piracy of Satellite and Cable Transmissions
14.4.3. Blackouts of Scheduled Programming
14.4.4. Satellite Distribution
14.4.5. FCC and Indecency
14.5. A Broadcasting Checklist
CHAPTER 15 Business Law: Business Structures, Tax Laws, and Employment Law
15.1. Business Structures
15.1.1. Sole Proprietorships
15.1.2. Partnerships
15.1.3. Limited Partnerships
15.1.4. Corporations
15.1.4.1. C Corporations
15.1.4.2. S Corporations
15.1.4.3. Limited Liability Corporations
15.1.4.4. Publicly Traded Corporations
15.2. Tax Issues
15.2.1. Nonprofit Organizations
15.2.2. Unrelated Business Income
15.2.2.1. Facility Rentals
15.2.2.2. Broadcast Receipts
15.2.2.3. Sponsorship Revenue
15.2.3. Scholarships
15.2.4. Charitable Contributions, Luxury Box Rentals, and Entertainment Expenses
15.2.5. Professional Sport Franchise Tax Issues
15.2.6. Franchise Depreciation Issues
15.2.7. State Tax Issues for Player Salaries
15.3. Employment Law
15.3.1. Employment-at-Will Contracts
15.3.2. Employment Discrimination Statutes
15.3.2.1. Equal Pay Act
15.3.2.2. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Coaching Pay Guidelines
15.3.2.3. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
15.3.2.4. Gender Discrimination Cases under Title VII
15.3.2.5. Gender Discrimination Cases under Title IX
15.3.2.6. Race Discrimination Cases under Title VII
15.3.2.7. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
15.3.2.8. State Discrimination Laws
15.3.3. Sexual Harassment
CHAPTER 16 Additional Legal Concerns
16.1. Athletes, Violence, and Criminal Law
16.1.1. Defining a Crime
16.1.2. Player-against-Player Violence
16.1.3. Player and Fan Violence
16.1.4. Player-against-Official Violence
16.1.5. Off-the-Field Criminal Conduct
16.1.6. Solutions to the Problem of Sports Violence
16.1.6.1. Governing Body Control
16.1.6.2. Government Regulation
16.2. Illegal Gambling
16.2.1. Intercollegiate Athletics and Gambling
16.2.2. Professional Sports and Gambling
16.2.3. Internet Gambling
16.2.4. Fantasy Sports and Office Pools
16.3. Disabilities
16.3.1. Federal Laws Affecting Persons with Disabilities
16.3.1.1. The Rehabilitation Act
16.3.1.2. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
16.3.1.3. The Amateur Sports Act
16.3.1.4. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
16.3.1.4.1. Title I: Employment
16.3.1.4.2. Title II: Public Services
16.3.1.4.3. Title III: Public Accommodations Operated by Private Entities
16.3.2. Application to Athletic Organizations
16.3.2.1. Youth Sports
16.3.2.2. High School
16.3.2.3. Colleges, Universities, and the National Collegiate Athletic Association
16.3.2.4. Professional Sports
16.3.2.5. Sports Facilities
16.4. Athletes with AIDS and Testing for HIV
Glossary of Legal and Sports Terms
Essentials of Sports Law Case Index (Sorted Alphabetically by Plaintiff )
Index

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