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List of contributors, xi
Preface, xvi
PART I: UPPER GI TRACT1 Prokinetic agents and antiemetics, 3Hemangi Kale and Ronnie Fass
Prokinetics, 3
Antiemetic agents, 7
Recommended reading, 14
2 Proton pump inhibitors, 15Wanda P. Blanton and M. Michael Wolfe
Introduction, 15
Mechanism of action, pharmacodynamics, kinetics, 15
Clinical use and dosing, 18
Adverse effects/safety, 27
Recommended reading, 28
3 Histamine H2-receptor antagonists, 31Kentaro Sugano
Introduction, 31
Mechanism of action, 31
Pharmacology, 33
Clinical effectiveness, 40
Adverse events, 41
Recommended reading, 42
4 Prostaglandins and other mucosal protecting agents, 44Carlos Sostres and Angel Lanas
Introduction of drug class, 44
Physicochemical properties, 45
Formulations and recommended dosages, 46
Mechanism of action, 47
Drug interactions, 48
Pharmacokinetics, 49
Clinical effectiveness, 49
Toxicity, 51
Pregnancy classes, 52
Other mucosal protecting agents, 52
Recommended reading, 54
PART II: SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE
5 5-HT modulators and other antidiarrheal agents and cathartics, 59Albena Halpert and Douglas Drossman
Introduction, 59
5-HT modulators used in the management of GI disorders, 59
5-HT agents approved in the US for specific GI indications, 60
Medications used for the treatment of chronic constipation, 71
Medications used for the treatment of narcotic-induced constipation, 76
Antidiarrheal agents, 76
Conclusion, 80
Recommended reading, 80
6 5-aminosalicylates, 82Hannah L. Miller and Francis A. Farraye
Introduction, 82
Preparations, 82
Clinical use and efficacy, 84
Pharmacology: preparations and dosing, 87
Mechanism of action, 89
Bioavailability and metabolism, 89
Adverse effects and toxicity, 91
Pregnancy, 93
Drug interactions (package inserts), 94
Precautions and contraindications, 94
Special considerations: effectiveness in colorectal cancer prevention, 96
Conclusion, 97
Recommended reading, 97
7 Immunosuppressive agents, 100Lev Lichtenstein and Gerald M. Fraser
Introduction, 100
Thiopurines, 100
Low-dose methotrexate (MTX), 106
Calcineurin inhibitors, 111
Recommended reading, 114
8 Biological agents, 117Gert Van Assche
Biological agents approved to treat IBD, 117
Optimal treatment strategies with anti TNF therapies in IBD, 119
Safety of biological agents in IBD, 120
Emerging biologicals, 121
Recommended reading, 121
PART III: LIVER AND PANCREAS
9 Interferons, 125Robert C. Lowe
Introduction, 125
Mechanism of action, 125
Pharmacology, 126
Clinical effectiveness, 127
Toxicity, 128
Interferon types with generic and brand names, 129
Pregnancy classes, 130
Initial interferon dosing regimens for chronic hepatitis C, 130
Recommended reading, 131
10 Nucleoside analogs, 133Uri Avissar and David P. Nunes
Introduction, 133
Mechanism of action, 135
Pharmacology, 137
Clinical effectiveness, 139
Nucleoside analogs, 141
Nucleotide analogs, 146
Summary, 147
Recommended reading, 148
11 Ursodeoxycholic acid, chelating agents, and zinc in the treatment of metabolic liver diseases, 150Andrew K. Burroughs and James S. Dooley
Ursodeoxycholic acid, 150
Treatment of copper overload, 155
Recommended reading, 162
12 Agents for the treatment of portal hypertension, 165Karen L. Krok and Andrés Cárdenas
Introduction, 165
Nonselective beta-blockers (NSBB), 166
Nitrates, 169
Vasopressin analogs, 169
Somatostatin analog, 170
Midodrine, 171
Albumin, 172
Loop diuretics, 172
Aldosterone antagonist, 174
Aquaretics, 174
Disaccharides, 175
Antibiotics, 176
Recommended reading, 177
13 Pancreatic enzymes, 179Steven J. Czinn and Samra S. Blanchard
Introduction, 179
Mechanism of action, 180
Dosing and schedule of administration, 180
Monitoring therapy, 183
Adverse effects, 183
Recommended reading, 184
PART IV: ANTIMICROBIALS AND VACCINES
14 Antibiotics for the therapy of gastrointestinal diseases, 187Melissa Osborn
Introduction, 187
Pharmacologic properties, 187
Clinical uses, 195
Recommended reading, 202
15 Antimicrobials for parasitic diseases, 204Joachim Richter
5-Nitroimidazoles, 204
Benzimidazoles, 206
Ivermectin, 211
Praziquantel, 212
Treatment dosages, 214
Recommended reading, 216
16 Vaccines for viral hepatitides, 219Savio John and Raymond T. Chung
Hepatitis A vaccination, 219
Hepatitis B vaccination, 222
Recommended reading, 227
17 Rotavirus and other enteric vaccinations, 229Christopher J. Moran and Esther J. Israel
Rotavirus vaccination, 229
Typhoid fever vaccination, 232
Recommended reading, 233
PART V: NUTRITION AND PROBIOTICS
18 Parenteral and enteral nutrition feeding formulas, 237Dominic N. Reeds and Beth Taylor
Introduction, 237
Indications for nutrition support, 237
Energy and macronutrient requirements, 237
Protein, 238
Carbohydrate, 239
Lipids, 239
Enteral liquid feeding formulations, 239
Disease-specifi c formulas, 244
Selection of an appropriate enteral formula, 245
Implementation of enteral nutrition, 245
Parenteral nutrition, 245
Summary, 247
Recommended reading, 247
19 Probiotics, 249Christina M. Surawicz
Introduction, 249
Pharmacology, 250
Mechanisms of action, 251
Clinical indications, 251
Safety/toxicity, 255
Summary, 255
Recommended reading, 256
Index, 259
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