The Psychology of Human Memory

Contents1 Introduction and Overview Topic Questions What is Memory? Memory Processes Acquisition Retention Retrieval Memory Structures Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Levels of Processing Theoretical Approaches to Memory Associationism Cognitive Psychology Information Processing The Search for Memory Chapter Summary 2 Long-term Memory and the Ebbinghaus Tradition Topic Questions Historical Background The British Associationists Ebbinghaus and the Nonsense Syllable Procedures in Verbal Learning Methods of Learning Measures of Retention Recall versus Recognition Interference in Memory Decay versus Interference And So to Sleep The Status of Decay Theory Varieties of Interference The RI Paradigm The PI Paradigm Context-Dependent Memory Acquisition and Interference Stage Analysis of Interference Tasks Transfer Experiments and Similarity Interference and Ordinary Forgetting Chapter Summary 3 Associations and Forgetting in long-term Memory Topic Questions Interference Theories of Forgetting Research Strategy Response Competition Unlearning Unlearning as Extinction Testing the Two-Factor Theory Some Problems for Factor X Measuring Unlearning Evaluation of the Two-Factor Theory Elaborations and Amendments to Interference Theory Response Set Interference Stimulus Encoding Variability Interference and Forgetting: Conclusions The Concept of Mediation Natural Language Mediation Image Mediation and Mnemonics Organization in Free Recall Associative Clustering Category Clustering Organization: Storage or Recall? Mediation and Organization: Conclusions Chapter Summary 4 Meaning and Knowledge: Studies of Semantic Memory Topic Questions The Bartlett Tradition: Reconstructive Memory Memory and Meaning: Another Look at Interference Memory for Themes Inference in Memory Studies of Semantic Integration Imagery and Inference The Role of Context in Thematic Memory Organization in Memory The TOT Phenomenon A Case of Impaired Memory Search Models of Semantic Memory A Network Model of Semantic Memory Human Associative Memory (HAM) A Semantic Features Model Spreading Activation within a Network Model Episodic and Semantic Memory Revisited The Intelligent Computer Constructive Memory: A Model that Reasons The Talking Computer 128 Another Look at Inference: Script and Text Processing Chapter Summary 5 Coding Processes: I. Sensory MemorY Topic Questions A Memory System: Structure versus Process A Structural Model of Memory A Process Model of Memory The First Stage: Sensory Memory Visual Sensory Memory How Much Can We See in a Glance? The Duration of Iconic Memory The Content of Iconic Memory Interpretations of Iconic Memory Auditory Sensory Memory The Cocktail Party Problem The Duration of Echoic Memory The Content of Echoic Memory Sensory Memory and a Process Model Chapter Summary 6 Coding Processes: II.