Latin Blackness in Parisian Visual Culture, 1852-1932

List of Illustrations
Acknowledgements

Introduction
The Term "Latin American"
Why Paris?
Much More Than Primitivism
Reduced to Latin Americans
Parisian Figurations of Blackness from the Mid-Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Century
Overview of the Study

Chapter 1: Playing Up Blackness and Indianness; Downplaying Europeanness
Editing Francisco Laso: Racializing Spanish and Portuguese Americans
Performing Rastaquerismo
Justified by Anthropology: Quatrefages, Hamy, and the Casta Paintings
Latin American Self-Representation
The Shifting Rastaquouère
Maintaining Anthropological Interpretations in the Early Twentieth Century
Conclusion

Chapter 2: Chocolat the Clown: Not Just Black
Chocolat and Footit: Partners in Contrast
The Auguste Chocolat
The Give and Take of Chocolat and Footit
Chocolat and Footit at the Nouveau Cirque
Chocolat as Brand Image
Beneath the Surface
Chocolat as Mixed Animal
Chocolat the Contaminant
Impure Chocolat(e)
Chocolat, That Special Ingredient: The Racially Mixed Object of Desire
Complicating Notions of Minstrelsy
Lip Interventions
Representations Through Clothing
Sexualizing Black Dandies
Assimilating the Latin
Beyond the Circus
Chocolat, Object of Gay Desire
Chocolat and the Elite and the Virile
Conclusion

Chapter 3: Alfonso Teofilo Brown: Agency and Impositions of Blackness and Europeanness
Sport and the Imagined Ideal Male Body
Black Boxers in Turn-of-the-Century France
Gangly Brown
The Purity and Hybridity of Gangly Brown
Brown the Gentleman
Images of Black Difference
Brown the Philanthropist
Conclusion

Chapter 4: Figari's Blacks: Negotiating French and Southern Cone Blackness
Figari and Paris
Contested Whiteness and the Black Body
Conceptualizing Regional Identity
Through the Anthropological Gaze
Candombe as Framing Device
Gender and Race in Candombe
Objects as Markers
Figari as "Naïf" Painter
Increasing Latin American Presence in Paris
Perceptions of Black Uruguayans
Figari's Evolution in Paris
Contradictions and Contrasts between Figari's Paintings and Written Work
Conclusion

Coda
Select Bibliography