Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology E-Book

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Objectives Chemical Nature of Hormones Transport of Hormones in the Circulation Cellular Responses to Hormones Summary Self-study Problems Keywords and Concepts CHAPTER 2 ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 27 Objectives Enteroendocrine Hormone Families and Their Receptors Gastrin and the Regulation of Gastric Function Enteroendocrine Regulation of the Exocrine Pancreas and Gallbladder Insulinotropic Actions of Gastrointestinal Peptides (Incretin Action) Enterotropic Actions of Gastrointestinal Hormones Summary Self-study Problems Keywords and Concepts CHAPTER 3 ENERGY METABOLISM Key Pathways Involved in Energy Metabolism Objectives Overview of Energy Metabolism General Pathways Involved in Energy Metabolism Key Hormones Involved in Metabolic Homeostasis Metabolic Homeostasis: The Integrated Outcome of Hormonal and Substrate/Product Regulation of Metabolic Pathways Liver Skeletal Muscle Adipose Tissue-Derived Hormones and Adipokines Appetite Control and Obesity Diabetes Mellitus Summary Self-study Problems Keywords and Concepts CHAPTER 4 CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE HOMEOSTASIS Objectives Calcium and Phosphorus are Important Dietary Elements that Play Many Crucial Roles in Cellular Physiology Physiologic Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate: Parathyroid Hormone and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Small Intestine, Bone, and Kidney Determine Ca2þ and Pi Levels Pathologic Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Balance Summary Self-study Problems Keywords and Concepts CHAPTER 5 HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY COMPLEX. Objectives Embryology and Anatomy Neurohypophysis Adenohypophysis Summary Self-study Problems Keywords and Concepts CHAPTER 6 THE THYROID GLAND Objectives Anatomy and Histology of the Thyroid Gland Production of Thyroid Hormones Transport and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones Summary Self-study Problems Keywords and Concepts CHAPTER 7 THE ADRENAL GLAND Objectives Anatomy Adrenal Medulla Adrenal Cortex Zona Glomerulosa Pathologic Conditions Involving the Adrenal Cortex Summary Self-study Problems Keywords and Concepts 176.e1 CHAPTER 8 LIFE CYCLE OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS Objectives General Components of a Reproductive System Overview of Meiosis Basic Anatomy of the Reproductive Systems Sexual Development in Utero Puberty Menopause and Andropause Summary Self-study Problems Keywords and Concepts 193.e1 CHAPTER 9 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Objectives Histophysiology of the Testis Transport, Actions, and Metabolism of Androgens Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Testis Axis Male Reproductive Tract Disorders Involving the Male Reproductive System Summary Self-study Problems Keywords and Concepts 213.e1 CHAPTER 10 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Objectives Anatomy and Histology of the Ovary Growth, Development, and Function of the Ovarian Follicle The Human Menstrual Cycle Female Reproductive Tract Biology of Estradiol and Progesterone Ovarian Pathophysiology Summary Self-study Problems Keywords and Concepts 238.e1 CHAPTER 11 FERTILIZATION, PREGNANCY, AND LACTATION Objectives Fertilization, Early Embryogenesis, Implantation, and Placentation Placental Transport The Fetal Endocrine System Maternal Endocrine Changes During Pregnancy Maternal Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy Parturition Mammogenesis and Lactation Contraception In Vitro Fertilization Summary Self-study Problems Keywords and Concepts APPENDIX A: ANSWERS TO SELF-STUDY PROBLEMS . APPENDIX B: COMPREHENSIVE MULTIPLE-CHOICE EXAMINATION APPENDIX C: HORMONE RANGES APPENDIX D: ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS INDEX