MRI at a Glance

Preface vii
Acknowledgements viii
How to use your textbook ix
About the companion website xi
1 Magnetism and electromagnetism 2
2 Atomic structure 4
3 Alignment 6
4 Precession 8
5 Resonance and signal generation 10
6 Contrast mechanisms 12
7 Relaxation mechanisms 14
8 T1 Recovery 16
9 T2 decay 18
10 T1 weighting 20
11 T2 weighting 22
12 PD weighting 24
13 Conventional spin echo 26
14 Fast or turbo spin echo - how it works 28
15 Fast or turbo spin echo - how it is used 30
16 Inversion recovery 32
17 Gradient echo - how it works 34
18 Gradient echo - how it is used 36
19 The steady state 38
20 Coherent gradient echo 40
21 Incoherent gradient echo 42
22 Steady-state free precession 44
23 Balanced gradient echo 46
24 Ultrafast sequences 48
25 Diffusion and perfusion imaging 50
26 Functional imaging techniques 52
27 Gradient functions 54
28 Slice selection 56
29 Phase encoding 58
30 Frequency encoding 60
31 K space - what is it? 62
32 K space - how is it filled? 64
33 K space and image quality 66
34 Data acquisition - frequency 68
35 Data acquisition - phase 70
36 Data acquisition - scan time 72
37 K space traversal and pulse sequences 74
38 Alternative K space filling techniques 76
39 Signal to noise ratio 78
40 Contrast to noise ratio 80
41 Spatial resolution 82
42 Chemical shift artefacts 84
43 Phase mismapping 86
44 Aliasing 88
45 Other artefacts 90
46 Flow phenomena 92
47 Time-of-flight MR angiography 94
48 Phase contrast MR angiography 96
49 Contrast-enhanced MR angiography 98
50 Contrast agents 100
51 Magnets 102
52 Radiofrequency coils 104
53 Gradients and other hardware 106
54 MR safety - bio-effects 108
55 MR safety - projectiles 110
Appendix 1a: The results of optimizing image quality 112
Appendix 1b: Parameters and their associated trade-offs 113
Appendix 2: Artefacts and their remedies 114
Appendix 3: Main manufacturers' acronyms 115
Glossary 116
Index 121