Implementing the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive

1 - Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Introduction [Seite 29]
2.1 - A. The raison d'être of this study [Seite 29]
2.1.1 - I. Context [Seite 29]
2.1.2 - II. Rationale [Seite 34]
2.1.3 - III. State of the art [Seite 35]
2.1.4 - IV. Methodology and scope [Seite 38]
2.1.5 - V. Outline [Seite 40]
2.2 - B. The phenomenon of media convergence [Seite 41]
2.2.1 - I. Conceptualising media convergence [Seite 41]
2.2.2 - II. The EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive in light of Connected TV [Seite 46]
3 - Chapter 1. The regulation of audiovisual media services [Seite 49]
3.1 - A. The fundamental right of freedom of expression as a justification for regulating audiovisual media services [Seite 50]
3.1.1 - I. The freedom of expression and information [Seite 51]
3.1.2 - II. An area of tension between fundamental rights and fundamental freedoms [Seite 56]
3.1.2.1 - 1. Free movement of services [Seite 57]
3.1.2.2 - 2. Other fundamental rights [Seite 62]
3.2 - B. Regulation by the Member States [Seite 65]
3.3 - C. Regulation by the European Union [Seite 70]
3.3.1 - I. The rationale for regulating the EU audiovisual media services market [Seite 71]
3.3.2 - II. The genesis of the Directive [Seite 76]
3.3.2.1 - 1. From the 1984 Green Paper to the 1989 Television Without Frontiers Directive [Seite 76]
3.3.2.2 - 2. First revision: the 1997 TWFD [Seite 86]
3.3.2.3 - 3. Second revision: the 2007 Audiovisual Media Services Directive [Seite 94]
3.3.2.3.1 - a) Developments prior to the adoption of the AVMSD [Seite 94]
3.3.2.3.2 - b) The AVMSD and its scope of application [Seite 101]
3.3.2.3.3 - c) The substantive changes brought by the AVMSD [Seite 107]
3.3.2.3.4 - d) Another revision in light of media convergence [Seite 114]
3.4 - D. "Regulation" by the Council of Europe [Seite 123]
3.4.1 - I. The 1989 Convention on Transfrontier Television [Seite 123]
3.4.2 - II. A Failed reform: the draft Convention on Transfrontier Audiovisual Media Services [Seite 127]
4 - Chapter 2. Regulatory models [Seite 134]
4.1 - A. The concept of regulation and the reasons for regulating [Seite 135]
4.1.1 - I. Conceptualising regulation [Seite 135]
4.1.2 - II. Theories of regulation [Seite 138]
4.2 - B. Models of regulation [Seite 142]
4.2.1 - I. State regulation [Seite 142]
4.2.2 - II. Alternative regulatory strategies [Seite 146]
4.2.2.1 - 1. Self-regulation [Seite 147]
4.2.2.1.1 - a) Conceptualising self-regulation [Seite 147]
4.2.2.1.2 - b) Advantages of self-regulation [Seite 151]
4.2.2.1.3 - c) Disadvantages of self-regulation [Seite 153]
4.2.2.1.4 - d) Remedies [Seite 156]
4.2.2.2 - 2. Co-regulation [Seite 158]
4.2.2.2.1 - a) Conceptualising co-regulation [Seite 158]
4.2.2.2.2 - b) Advantages and disadvantages of co-regulation [Seite 160]
4.2.2.3 - 3. Regulatory choice [Seite 162]
4.2.2.4 - 4. Co- and self-regulation as policy instruments of the European Union [Seite 164]
4.2.2.5 - 5. Co- and self-regulation promoted by the AVMSD [Seite 166]
4.2.2.6 - 6. Other alternative regulatory strategies [Seite 173]
5 - Chapter 3. The national media authorities of the UK, Germany and France [Seite 177]
5.1 - A. The UK media authorities [Seite 179]
5.1.1 - I. Fundamental rights protection in the UK [Seite 182]
5.1.2 - II. Legal sources [Seite 183]
5.1.3 - III. The UK regulatory framework for the media [Seite 186]
5.1.3.1 - 1. The Office of Communications [Seite 186]
5.1.3.1.1 - a) The creation of the "super-regulator" Ofcom [Seite 186]
5.1.3.1.2 - b) Functions [Seite 189]
5.1.3.1.3 - c) Composition and funding [Seite 192]
5.1.3.1.4 - d) Broadcast regulation [Seite 195]
5.1.3.2 - 2. The Authority for Television On-Demand [Seite 199]
5.1.3.2.1 - a) The UK Government: paving the way for co-regulation of VOD services [Seite 199]
5.1.3.2.2 - b) Ofcom: setting the starting block for co-regulation of VOD services [Seite 203]
5.1.3.2.3 - c) ATVOD: from self- to co-regulator for VOD services [Seite 207]
5.1.3.2.4 - d) Termination of ATVOD's co-regulatory role [Seite 213]
5.1.3.2.5 - e) Future regulation of VOD services by Ofcom [Seite 216]
5.1.3.3 - 3. Other regulatory bodies [Seite 219]
5.2 - B. The German media authorities [Seite 222]
5.2.1 - I. The role of constitutional law and the Federal Constitutional Court's jurisprudence [Seite 226]
5.2.2 - II. Legal sources [Seite 233]
5.2.3 - III. State media authorities [Seite 240]
5.2.3.1 - 1. Functions [Seite 240]
5.2.3.2 - 2. Composition and funding [Seite 242]
5.2.3.3 - 3. Supra-state bodies [Seite 246]
5.2.4 - IV. Regulated self-regulation of the protection of minors in audiovisual media [Seite 248]
5.2.4.1 - 1. The legal framework: background and rationale [Seite 248]
5.2.4.2 - 2. The regulatory bodies for the protection of minors [Seite 252]
5.2.4.2.1 - a) The Commission for the Protection of Minors [Seite 252]
5.2.4.2.2 - b) Organisations of voluntary self-regulation [Seite 255]
5.3 - C. The French media authority [Seite 263]
5.3.1 - I. Protection of the freedom of communication by the French Constitutional Council [Seite 266]
5.3.2 - II. Legal sources [Seite 269]
5.3.2.1 - 1. Ordinary legislation [Seite 269]
5.3.2.2 - 2. Decrees [Seite 272]
5.3.3 - III. The French regulatory framework [Seite 276]
5.3.3.1 - 1. The genesis of an independent regulator [Seite 276]
5.3.3.2 - 2. Functions [Seite 280]
5.3.3.3 - 3. Composition and funding [Seite 286]
5.4 - D. Summary [Seite 290]
6 - Chapter 4. The UK, German and French regulators' approaches to the notion of an on-demand audiovisual media service [Seite 292]
6.1 - A. The material scope of application of the AVMSD [Seite 292]
6.1.1 - I. Linear and non-linear audiovisual media services [Seite 293]
6.1.2 - II. The guidance contained in the preamble of the AVMSD [Seite 297]
6.1.3 - III. The interpretation of recital 28 AVMSD: the case of New Media Online [Seite 299]
6.1.3.1 - 1. Advocate General Szpunar's assertion that "we all know what a horse is" [Seite 301]
6.1.3.2 - 2. The CJEU's decision that a newspaper sub-site may fall under the AVMSD [Seite 309]
6.2 - B. The notion of an on-demand programme service in the UK [Seite 315]
6.2.1 - I. The legal definition of an on-demand programme service [Seite 316]
6.2.2 - II. Ofcom's research into audience attitudes [Seite 318]
6.2.3 - III. The practices of ATVOD and Ofcom [Seite 322]
6.2.3.1 - 1. Principal purpose test [Seite 323]
6.2.3.1.1 - a) A part of a media outlet may constitute an ODPS: Viva TV Music [Seite 323]
6.2.3.1.2 - b) Criteria indicative of principal purpose: Sun Video [Seite 324]
6.2.3.1.3 - c) Necessity of an overall assessment: Everton TV [Seite 331]
6.2.3.1.4 - d) Prominence of TV-like programmes: The Business Channel [Seite 334]
6.2.3.1.5 - e) Online magazines: Vice Video [Seite 336]
6.2.3.2 - 2. Comparability test [Seite 343]
6.2.3.2.1 - a) Comparable, not identical programmes: Demand Adult and Climax3 Uncut [Seite 343]
6.2.3.2.2 - b) Duration of programmes: Channel Flip and BBC Food Worldwide on YouTube [Seite 346]
6.2.3.2.3 - c) Criteria indicative of comparability: Everton TV [Seite 349]
6.2.3.3 - 3. Principal purpose and comparability applied to websites offering adult material [Seite 350]
6.2.3.3.1 - a) Frankie and Friends [Seite 350]
6.2.3.3.2 - b) Urban Chick Supremacy Cell [Seite 353]
6.2.3.3.3 - c) Daisy Rock UK [Seite 357]
6.2.3.3.4 - d) Candy Girl Productions [Seite 361]
6.2.3.3.5 - e) Panties Pulled Down [Seite 364]
6.2.3.4 - 4. The appropriateness of Ofcom's criteria regarding comparability and principal purpose [Seite 369]
6.2.3.5 - 5. Editorial responsibility [Seite 373]
6.2.3.5.1 - a) Analysis of contractual terms allocating editorial responsibility: Viacom channels content on Virgin Media [Seite 374]
6.2.3.5.2 - b) Analysis of other contractual terms and parties' conduct: BBCW on Mediaset and Viacom channels on Sky Anytime [Seite 376]
6.2.3.5.3 - c) Appropriateness of Ofcom's criteria regarding editorial responsibility [Seite 380]
6.2.4 - IV. The guidance by the UK regulators [Seite 381]
6.2.4.1 - 1. ATVOD guidance on who needs to notify [Seite 381]
6.2.4.2 - 2. Ofcom guidance on VOD regulation [Seite 386]
6.2.5 - V. Ofcom's reply to the Commission consultation on "A media framework for the 21st century" [Seite 388]
6.2.6 - VI. Summary [Seite 390]
6.3 - C. The notion of telemedia services in Germany [Seite 391]
6.3.1 - I. The notion of broadcasting in ordinary legislation [Seite 392]
6.3.1.1 - 1. The legal definition of broadcasting [Seite 392]
6.3.1.2 - 2. Exemptions from the notion of broadcasting [Seite 397]
6.3.2 - II. The legal definition of telemedia services [Seite 400]
6.3.2.1 - 1. Telemedia services: between broadcasting and telecommunications services [Seite 400]
6.3.2.2 - 2. Different forms of telemedia services [Seite 402]
6.3.2.2.1 - a) Programme-related telemedia services [Seite 402]
6.3.2.2.2 - b) Press-type offers [Seite 403]
6.3.2.2.3 - c) Comparable telemedia services [Seite 404]
6.3.2.2.4 - d) TV-like telemedia services [Seite 405]
6.3.2.2.5 - e) Telemedia services providing journalistically edited offers [Seite 406]
6.3.3 - III. The practice of the state media authorities based on a confirmation of non-objection [Seite 409]
6.3.3.1 - 1. Purpose and procedure [Seite 409]
6.3.3.2 - 2. Cases of confirmations of non-objection [Seite 411]
6.3.3.2.1 - a) A motorway service: Tank & Rast [Seite 411]
6.3.3.2.2 - b) A spiritual thematic channel: Schoenstatt-tv [Seite 412]
6.3.3.2.3 - c) Adult material: between near-video-on-demand and video-on-demand [Seite 413]
6.3.3.2.4 - d) Service featured in department stores: In-store TV [Seite 415]
6.3.3.2.5 - e) Animated series: TV channel on games console [Seite 418]
6.3.3.2.6 - f) Live streams offered to a maximum of 100 users: PR agency service [Seite 419]
6.3.3.2.7 - g) Storage of "pushed content" on the hard disks of TV receivers: pay-per-view service [Seite 420]
6.3.4 - IV. Public service broadcasting and the prohibition of press-type telemedia services not related to programmes [Seite 421]
6.3.4.1 - 1. The provision of telemedia services by public service broadcasters [Seite 421]
6.3.4.2 - 2. The Tagesschau app jurisprudence [Seite 424]
6.3.4.2.1 - a) The decision of the Cologne District Court [Seite 424]
6.3.4.2.2 - b) The Tagesschau app on appeal [Seite 426]
6.3.4.2.2.1 - (aa) The first decision of the Cologne Appeal Court [Seite 426]
6.3.4.2.2.2 - (bb) The decision of the Federal Court of Justice [Seite 428]
6.3.4.2.3 - c) The second decision of the Cologne Appeal Court [Seite 429]
6.3.4.3 - 3. From "press-like" to "TV-like"? [Seite 430]
6.3.5 - V. The guidance by the state media authorities [Seite 431]
6.3.5.1 - 1. The third structural paper [Seite 431]
6.3.5.2 - 2. Revising the third structural paper [Seite 435]
6.3.5.3 - 3. Positions on Connected TV and the Commission's Green Book on Convergence [Seite 437]
6.3.5.4 - 4. The checklist for the provision of Web-TV [Seite 440]
6.3.6 - VI. The state media authorities' reply to the Commission consultation on "A media framework for the 21st century" [Seite 442]
6.3.7 - VII. Summary [Seite 445]
6.4 - D. The notion of an on-demand audiovisual media service in France [Seite 446]
6.4.1 - I. The notion of an on-demand audiovisual media service in ordinary legislation [Seite 447]
6.4.1.1 - 1. The legal definition of an on-demand audiovisual media service [Seite 447]
6.4.1.2 - 2. The Decree on on-demand audiovisual media services [Seite 448]
6.4.1.3 - 3. Notification of on-demand audiovisual media services [Seite 451]
6.4.2 - II. The practice of the CSA [Seite 453]
6.4.2.1 - 1. Video section of websites of radio providers [Seite 453]
6.4.2.2 - 2. YouTube channels [Seite 455]
6.4.2.3 - 3. Services offering downloads of programmes [Seite 455]
6.4.3 - III. The guidance by the CSA [Seite 456]
6.4.3.1 - 1. Typology of services [Seite 456]
6.4.3.2 - 2. Editorial responsibility [Seite 457]
6.4.3.3 - 3. Connected TV [Seite 460]
6.4.3.3.1 - a) Four principles of Connected TV [Seite 460]
6.4.3.3.2 - b) Fourteen proposals regarding Connected TV [Seite 463]
6.4.4 - IV. The CSA's reply to the Commission consultation on "A media framework for the 21st century" [Seite 465]
6.4.4.1 - 1. General context [Seite 465]
6.4.4.2 - 2. Minor adjustments to the criteria delineating scope [Seite 466]
6.4.4.3 - 3. The case for platform regulation under the AVMSD [Seite 469]
6.4.5 - V. The French regulatory framework in the future [Seite 471]
6.4.5.1 - 1. Incentive-based regulation [Seite 472]
6.4.5.2 - 2. Possible changes to the regulatory framework [Seite 473]
6.4.5.2.1 - a) Convergence of regulators [Seite 473]
6.4.5.2.2 - b) Co-regulation of audiovisual content distributed online [Seite 475]
6.4.6 - VI. Summary [Seite 476]
6.5 - E. Comparing the UK, German and French regulators' approaches to the notion of an on-demand audiovisual media service [Seite 477]
6.5.1 - I. General observations [Seite 478]
6.5.2 - II. Specifications of some elements of an on-demand audiovisual media service [Seite 480]
6.5.2.1 - 1. TV-like [Seite 480]
6.5.2.2 - 2. Principal purpose [Seite 481]
6.5.2.3 - 3. Comparability [Seite 482]
6.5.2.4 - 4. Editorial responsibility [Seite 483]
6.5.3 - III. Regulators' outlook on the AVMSD's revision [Seite 486]
7 - Chapter 5. The UK, German and French regulators' approaches to the protection of minors in on-demand audiovisual media services [Seite 489]
7.1 - A. The protection of minors by the European Union [Seite 491]
7.1.1 - I. The protection of minors in linear audiovisual media services: Art. 27 AVMSD [Seite 494]
7.1.2 - II. The protection of minors in non-linear audiovisual media services: Art. 12 AVMSD [Seite 496]
7.2 - B. The protection of minors in on-demand programme services in the UK [Seite 497]
7.2.1 - I. The transposition of Art. 12 AVMSD in Sec. 368E (2) CA [Seite 497]
7.2.2 - II. The measures taken by the UK regulators ATVOD and Ofcom [Seite 501]
7.2.2.1 - 1. ATVOD rules and guidance [Seite 501]
7.2.2.2 - 2. ATVOD's practice protecting minors in ODPS [Seite 504]
7.2.2.2.1 - a) ATVOD's first determination: Bootybox TV [Seite 505]
7.2.2.2.2 - b) No violations: Frankie Boyle and Mr. Woodcock [Seite 507]
7.2.2.2.3 - c) Serious violations: Playboy TV and Demand Adult [Seite 508]
7.2.2.2.3.1 - (aa) ATVOD determines that the service provider breaches rule 11 [Seite 508]
7.2.2.2.3.2 - (bb) The imposition of heavy fines by Ofcom [Seite 511]
7.2.2.2.3.3 - (cc) Clarifying jurisdiction: Playboy TV and Demand Adult reloaded [Seite 515]
7.2.2.2.4 - d) Modest fine imposed on a small-scale provider: HardGlam [Seite 518]
7.2.2.2.5 - e) Barring services: Jessica Pressley and Pleasuring Herself [Seite 521]
7.2.2.2.6 - f) Services brought into compliance: G Spot Productions, Studio 66 TV and The British Institution [Seite 524]
7.2.2.2.7 - g) Reviews of determinations: Daisy Rock, Panties Pulled Down and Mistress R'eal [Seite 527]
7.2.2.2.8 - h) Services in breach of rule 14 concerning prohibited material: Dreams of Spanking, The Bondage Mistress, Glasgow Mistress Megara Furie and Mistress R'eal [Seite 529]
7.2.2.2.9 - i) Critical analysis of ATVOD's practice [Seite 531]
7.2.2.3 - 3. Other policy documents [Seite 534]
7.2.2.3.1 - a) Ofcom's research [Seite 534]
7.2.2.3.2 - b) ATVOD's research report [Seite 538]
7.2.3 - III. Perspectives of ATVOD and Ofcom on the protection of minors in converging media markets [Seite 542]
7.2.4 - IV. Summary [Seite 546]
7.3 - C. The protection of minors in telemedia services in Germany [Seite 547]
7.3.1 - I. The transposition of Art. 12 AVMSD in Arts. 4 and 5 JMStV [Seite 547]
7.3.1.1 - 1. Illegal content [Seite 549]
7.3.1.2 - 2. Derogation for telemedia services [Seite 551]
7.3.1.2.1 - a) Nature of the content [Seite 551]
7.3.1.2.2 - b) Closed user groups [Seite 555]
7.3.1.3 - 3. Harmful content [Seite 560]
7.3.1.3.1 - a) Nature of the content [Seite 562]
7.3.1.3.2 - b) Service providers' measures to ensure the protection of minors [Seite 565]
7.3.2 - II. The measures taken by the German regulatory bodies [Seite 569]
7.3.2.1 - 1. Joint guidelines of the state media authorities [Seite 570]
7.3.2.2 - 2. Guidance drawn up by the Commission for the Protection of Minors [Seite 573]
7.3.2.2.1 - a) Criteria for supervision [Seite 573]
7.3.2.2.2 - b) Criteria for technical tools to protect minors [Seite 579]
7.3.2.2.2.1 - (aa) Age verification [Seite 579]
7.3.2.2.2.2 - (bb) Jugendschutzprogramme [Seite 585]
7.3.2.3 - 3. The measures taken by the Voluntary Self-Monitoring of Multimedia Service Providers [Seite 590]
7.3.2.3.1 - a) Assessment principles [Seite 592]
7.3.2.3.2 - b) Practice [Seite 595]
7.3.2.3.2.1 - (aa) Pornographic content [Seite 597]
7.3.2.3.2.2 - (bb) Content evidently suited to impair minors [Seite 601]
7.3.2.3.2.3 - (cc) Content suited to impair minors [Seite 606]
7.3.3 - III. Perspectives of the German regulatory bodies on the protection of minors in converging media markets [Seite 611]
7.3.4 - IV. Summary [Seite 616]
7.4 - D. The protection of minors in on-demand audiovisual media services in France [Seite 617]
7.4.1 - I. The transposition of Art. 12 AVMSD in Art. 15 LCC [Seite 619]
7.4.2 - II. The measures taken by the CSA [Seite 622]
7.4.2.1 - 1. The deliberation on the protection of young audiences in on-demand audiovisual media services [Seite 623]
7.4.2.2 - 2. Pornographic and violent content [Seite 630]
7.4.2.2.1 - a) Vague criteria provided by the CSA [Seite 630]
7.4.2.2.2 - b) The jusrisprudence of the Conseil d'Etat [Seite 632]
7.4.2.3 - 3. The CSA's decisions [Seite 638]
7.4.2.3.1 - a) Cases of 2012 [Seite 638]
7.4.2.3.2 - b) Cases of 2013 [Seite 639]
7.4.2.3.3 - c) Cases of 2014 [Seite 640]
7.4.2.4 - 4. The debate about systematic blocking of content at the level of access to the Internet [Seite 642]
7.4.2.5 - 5. The CSA's reports on the protection of minors [Seite 644]
7.4.2.5.1 - a) The 2012 report on the protection of minors in an era of media convergence [Seite 644]
7.4.2.5.2 - b) The 2014 report on young persons' media practices and habits [Seite 649]
7.4.3 - III. Perspectives of the CSA on the protection of minors in converging media markets [Seite 652]
7.4.4 - IV. Summary [Seite 654]
7.5 - E. Comparing the UK, German and French regulators' approaches to the protection of minors in on-demand services [Seite 655]
7.5.1 - I. General observations [Seite 655]
7.5.2 - II. Content which might seriously impair the development of minors [Seite 657]
7.5.3 - III. Making available by appropriate means [Seite 659]
7.5.4 - IV. Regulators' outlook on the AVMSD's revision [Seite 661]
8 - Chapter 6. The future regulation of audiovisual media services [Seite 664]
8.1 - A. Regulatory strategies in converging media markets [Seite 667]
8.1.1 - I. The essential characteristics of the regulatory landscapes in the UK, Germany and France [Seite 667]
8.1.1.1 - 1. Regulated self-regulation to protect minors in Germany [Seite 667]
8.1.1.2 - 2. Lessons learnt from the abolition of ATVOD as a co-regulator for VOD services in the UK [Seite 669]
8.1.1.3 - 3. Strengthening service providers' self-responsibility in France [Seite 671]
8.1.2 - II. Best practices and suggestions for regulatory strategies in converging media markets [Seite 672]
8.1.2.1 - 1. Characteristics of regulatory instruments used in converging media markets [Seite 672]
8.1.2.2 - 2. Specific proposals for alternative regulatory models in converging media markets [Seite 674]
8.1.2.2.1 - a) Limiting co-regulation to a specific field of activity [Seite 674]
8.1.2.2.2 - b) Formal recognition of co-regulation [Seite 676]
8.1.2.3 - 3. Multi-level regulation in converging media markets [Seite 677]
8.2 - B. Content standards in converging media markets [Seite 683]
8.2.1 - I. Best practices and suggestions in relation to material scope [Seite 684]
8.2.1.1 - 1. Criteria defining an audiovisual media service [Seite 684]
8.2.1.1.1 - a) Principal purpose [Seite 684]
8.2.1.1.2 - b) Programme [Seite 687]
8.2.1.1.3 - c) Editorial responsibility [Seite 690]
8.2.1.1.4 - d) Possible additional criteria [Seite 692]
8.2.1.2 - 2. The regulation of platforms? [Seite 694]
8.2.1.2.1 - a) Regulators' perspectives [Seite 695]
8.2.1.2.2 - b) Academic and other contributions to platform regulation [Seite 698]
8.2.1.2.3 - c) The Commission's Communication on online platforms [Seite 701]
8.2.1.2.3.1 - (aa) Context and objectives [Seite 701]
8.2.1.2.3.2 - (bb) Principles-based approach [Seite 703]
8.2.1.2.3.3 - (cc) Critical assessment [Seite 706]
8.2.2 - II. Best practices and suggestions for the protection of minors [Seite 708]
8.2.2.1 - 1. Seriously harmful content [Seite 708]
8.2.2.2 - 2. Restricting access to adults [Seite 712]
8.2.2.3 - 3. A more holistic approach to protecting minors in the AVMSD [Seite 714]
8.3 - C. The Commission's proposal on a revised AVMSD [Seite 719]
8.3.1 - I. Regulatory strategies in the revised AVMSD [Seite 720]
8.3.1.1 - 1. Reinforcing co- and self-regulation [Seite 720]
8.3.1.2 - 2. Strengthening the role of the European Regulators Group for Audiovisual Media Services [Seite 722]
8.3.2 - II. Content standards in the revised AVMSD [Seite 727]
8.3.2.1 - 1. The Directive's material scope of application [Seite 727]
8.3.2.1.1 - a) Criteria defining an audiovisual media service [Seite 727]
8.3.2.1.2 - b) Regulating video-sharing platforms [Seite 729]
8.3.2.1.2.1 - (aa) The Commission's proposal with respect to VSPs [Seite 729]
8.3.2.1.2.2 - (bb) Critical analysis of the 2016 AVMSD proposal regarding VSPs [Seite 732]
8.3.2.2 - 2. The Commission's proposal strengthening the protection of minors [Seite 741]
8.3.2.2.1 - a) The protection of minors in all audiovisual media services [Seite 741]
8.3.2.2.2 - b) The requirement to provide content information and the rules applicable to VSPs [Seite 744]
8.3.3 - III. Proposed changes concerning other fields coordinated by the AVMSD [Seite 746]
8.3.3.1 - 1. Geographical scope and the rules on jurisdiction [Seite 747]
8.3.3.2 - 2. Relaxation of the rules on commercial communications [Seite 752]
8.3.3.3 - 3. Introduction of a quota promoting European works in VOD services [Seite 755]
8.3.4 - IV. Summary [Seite 760]
8.4 - D. Preliminary conclusions [Seite 761]
8.4.1 - I. Regulatory strategies in converging media markets [Seite 762]
8.4.2 - II. Content standards in converging media markets [Seite 764]
9 - Conclusion [Seite 768]
10 - Annexes [Seite 775]
11 - Bibliography [Seite 783]
12 - Table of Cases [Seite 837]