Orthopedic Disorders of the Foal, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice

Name: Orthopedic Disorders of the Foal, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice
Brand: Elsevier
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Ashlee Watts(Autor*in)

Elsevier (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 15. Juli 2017

100 Seiten

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Front Cover
Orthopedic Disordersof the Foal
Copyright
Contributors
CONSULTING EDITOR
EDITOR
AUTHORS
Contents
Preface: Prelude to an Equine Athlete: Foal Orthopedics
Routine Orthopedic Evaluation in Foals
Routine Trimming and Therapeutic Farriery in Foals
Orthopedic Conditions of the Premature and Dysmature Foal
Septic Arthritis, Physitis, and Osteomyelitis in Foals
Flexural Deformity of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint
Flexural Limb Deformities of the Carpus and Fetlock in Foals
Angular Limb Deformities: Growth Augmentation
Angular Limb Deformities: Growth Retardation
Osteochondritis Dissecans Development
Surgical Management of Osteochondrosis in Foals
Foal Fractures: Osteochondral Fragmentation, Proximal Sesamoid Bone Fractures/Sesamoiditis, and Distal Phalanx Fractures
Physeal Fractures in Foals
Diagnosis and Treatment Considerations for Nonphyseal Long Bone Fractures in the Foal
VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA: EQUINE PRACTICE
FORTHCOMING ISSUES
December 2017
April 2018
RECENT ISSUES
April 2017
December 2016
August 2016
Preface
Prelude to an Equine Athlete: Foal Orthopedics
Routine Orthopedic Evaluation in Foals
Key points
ORTHOPEDIC EVALUATION
Causes of Lameness
Conformation Evaluation: Neonate
Conformation Evaluation: One Month and Older
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Routine Trimming and Therapeutic Farriery in Foals
Key points
INTRODUCTION
EVALUATING THE FOAL
TRIMMING THE FOAL
Birth to 1 Month
One Month
Two Months and Onward
FLEXOR TENDON FLACCIDITY, FLEXURAL DEFORMITIES, AND ANGULAR LIMB DEFORMITIES IN FOALS
Flexor Tendon Flaccidity
Flexural Deformities
Congenital flexural deformities
Acquired flexural deformities
Mild acquired flexural deformities
Severe acquired flexural deformities
Angular Limb Deformities
Carpal/tarsal valgus
Fetlock varus
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Orthopedic Conditions of the Premature and Dysmature Foal
Key points
PREMATURITY AND DYSMATURITY OF THE FOAL
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
HYPOTHYROIDISM AND CUBOIDAL OSSIFICATION
CLINICAL EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSIS
SEQUELAE TO INCOMPLETE OSSIFICATION
TREATMENT
EVALUATION OF OUTCOME AND LONG-TERM RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Septic Arthritis, Physitis, and Osteomyelitis in Foals
Key points
INTRODUCTION
DIAGNOSIS
Septic Synovitis/Arthritis
Septic Physitis/Osteomyelitis
General Musculoskeletal Infection Diagnostics
THERAPY
Synovitis/Arthritis
Physitis/Osteomyelitis
PROGNOSIS
SUMMARY
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
REFERENCES
Flexural Deformity of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint
Key points
INTRODUCTION
CONGENITAL FORM
Pathogenesis
Clinical Signs and Patient Evaluation
Nonsurgical Management
Medical treatment
Bandaging, splints, and casting
Physical therapy and exercise
Surgical Management
ACQUIRED FORM
Pathogenesis
Clinical Signs and Patient Evaluation
Nonsurgical Management
Nutrition
Medical treatment
Corrective trimming and shoeing
Surgical Management
Accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon desmotomy
Traditional techniques
Minimally invasive technique
Deep digital flexor tendon tenotomy
OUTCOME
SUMMARY
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
REFERENCES
Flexural Limb Deformities of the Carpus and Fetlock in Foals
Key points
INTRODUCTION
PATIENT EVALUATION OVERVIEW
DIAGNOSIS
PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OPTIONS
NONPHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OPTIONS
Shoeing and Trimming Considerations
Physical Therapy
Exercise Management
Complementary/Integrative Therapies
External Coaptation
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR SPLINT APPLICATION
HOW OFTEN SHOULD SPLINTS BE REMOVED OR ADJUSTED?
Bandage-Splint Layers
Dynamic Splints
COMBINATION THERAPIES
SURGICAL TREATMENT OPTIONS
TREATMENT RESISTANCE/COMPLICATIONS
EVALUATION OF OUTCOME AND LONG-TERM RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Angular Limb Deformities
Key points
RISK FACTORS
CLINICAL EXAMINATION AND RADIOGRAPHY
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
Angular Limb Deformities
Key points
INTRODUCTION
PATIENT EVALUATION
Foal Conformation Evaluation
Radiographs
SURGICAL GROWTH RETARDATION PROCEDURES
Transphyseal Staples
Screw and Wire Transphyseal Bridge
Surgical procedure
Perioperative and postoperative care
Transphyseal Screw
Surgical procedure
Fetlock
Tarsus
Perioperative and postoperative care
Screw and Screw and Wire Removal
SCREW AND WIRE VERSUS TRANSPHYSEAL SCREW: ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES, AND COMPLICATIONS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Osteochondritis Dissecans Development
Key points
INTRODUCTION
NORMAL CARTILAGE DEVELOPMENT
HOW DOES CARTILAGE TURN INTO BONE?
Endochondral Ossification Process
Nutrition of Postnatal Cartilage: Role of Cartilage Canals
EARLY PATHOGENESIS OF OSTEOCHONDROSIS
Current Theories
Failure of cartilage canals
Shearing of osteochondral junction
Molecular alterations in endochondral ossification
Genetic factors
Early Detection
Biomarkers
HEALING OR OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS DEVELOPMENT?
Intrinsic Factors
Effect of Exercise
THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Surgical Management of Osteochondrosis in Foals
Key points
INTRODUCTION
ETIOLOGY
CAUSATIVE FACTORS
CLINICAL SIGNS
DISTRIBUTION OF LESIONS
TREATMENT
Conservative Management
Surgical Management
Femoropatellar Joint
Tarsocrural Joint
Fetlock Joint
Elbow Joint
Shoulder Joint
Subchondral Cystic Lesions
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Foal Fractures
Key points
FOAL FRACTURES
OSTEOCHONDRAL FRAGMENTATION
Introduction
Patient Evaluation Overview
Plantar/palmar osteochondral fragmentation of the fetlocks
Dorsal osteochondral fragmentation of the fetlocks
Pharmacologic Treatment Options
Nonpharmacologic Treatment Options
Surgical Treatment Options
Treatment Resistance/Complications
Evaluation of Outcome and Long-term Recommendations
Summary/Discussion
PROXIMAL SESAMOID BONE FRACTURES AND SESAMOIDITIS
Introduction
Patient Evaluation Overview
Proximal sesamoid bone fractures
Sesamoiditis
Pharmacologic Treatment Options
Nonpharmacologic Treatment Options
Proximal sesamoid bone fractures
Sesamoiditis
Surgical Treatment Options
Treatment Resistance/Complications
Evaluation of Outcome and Long-term Recommendations
Proximal sesamoid bone fractures
Sesamoiditis
Summary/Discussion
DISTAL PHALANX FRACTURES
Introduction
Type VII fractures (osseous bodies or ossicles)
Type IV fractures
Other fractures
Patient Evaluation Overview
Pharmacologic Treatment Options
Nonpharmacologic Treatment Options
Surgical Treatment Options
Treatment Resistance/Complications
Evaluation of Outcome and Long-term Recommendations
Summary/Discussion
REFERENCES
Physeal Fractures in Foals
Key points
INTRODUCTION
PATIENT ASSESSMENT
FRACTURE TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS BY LOCATION
Digits or Phalanges
Metacarpus or Metatarsus
Radius
Ulna
Humerus
Scapula
Tibia
Femur
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
Diagnosis and Treatment Considerations for Nonphyseal Long Bone Fractures in the Foal
Key points
INTRODUCTION
SCAPULA
ULNA
RADIUS
TIBIA
THIRD METACARPAL/METATARSAL FRACTURES
HUMERUS AND FEMUR
GENERAL EMERGENCY CARE AND TRANSPORT
REFERENCES

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